This chapter attempts to present a Post-Quantum Secure Smart City Electricity Data (PQSED) system, which generates a quantum key via the BB84 protocol and digitally signs the data using FALCON, and uses pseudonym technology to add more security and protection to the data and digital signature, and also uses Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WOA) technology to the data to detect any abnormal behavior. The proposed system has been tested against several recently known attacks, such as replay attacks, Sybil attacks, eavesdropping, advanced ransomware attacks, social engineering attacks, and critical infrastructure attacks, and it has been proven to overcome them. In terms of performance evaluation, we obtained an average signature time of about 0.004 MS, an average signature verification time of about 0.006 MS, an average execution time of 0.66 MS, a precision of 96%, a recall of 95%, and an F1-score of 96%, which are good compared to the state-of-the-art research. Thus, our proposed system is highly acceptable for power plant applications.
This chapter attempts to present a Post-Quantum Secure Smart City Electricity Data (PQSED) system, which generates a quantum key via the BB84 protocol and digitally signs the data using FALCON, and uses pseudonym technology to add more security and protection to the data and digital signature, and also uses Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WOA) technology to the data to detect any abnormal behavior. The proposed system has been tested against several recently known attacks, such as replay attacks, Sybil attacks, eavesdropping, advanced ransomware attacks, social engineering attacks, and critical infrastructure attacks, and it has been proven to overcome them. In terms of performance evaluation, we obtained an average signature time of about 0.004 MS, an average signature verification time of about 0.006 MS, an average execution time of 0.66 MS, a precision of 96%, a recall of 95%, and an F1-score of 96%, which are good compared to the state-of-the-art research. Thus, our proposed system is highly acceptable for power plant applications.
Securing big data in power plants is an important and fundamental step in the infrastructure of smart cities. In addition, it becomes a barrier if it is not controlled from the beginning. Security must be a combination of fast and robust properties. This research presents a traffic security system (TSS) in a smart city (SC). It is a novel paradigm meant to improve data security and integrity by means of a multilayered method. Advanced fault analysis, dual-stage pseudonymizing, quantum key distribution via the BB84 protocol, and Falcon signatures (FS) are combined in the proposed system. TSS enhances data security by enhancing privacy, supporting resilience against quantum computing threats, and not burdening the network with complex and large keys. The proposed system has been tested against several recently known attacks, such as replay, supply chain, Sybil, blackhole, eavesdropping, advanced persistent threat (APT), tampering, ransomware identity fraud, and desynchronization, and it has been proven to overcome them. In terms of performance evaluation, the average signing time was approximately 0.002 milliseconds. In comparison, the average signature verification time was approximately 0.004 milliseconds, with an average execution time of approximately 0.54 milliseconds and a precision of approximately 93.6 %, a recall of approximately 97.8 %, and an F1_score of approximately 95.6 %, which are considered low compared with those of state-of-the-art research. Thus, the proposed TSS system is highly acceptable for power plant applications. This work lays the groundwork for future developments in safe, privacy-conscious urban systems by presenting a multilayered approach to secure energy data in smart cities.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses significant challenges to conventional cryptography, necessitating the adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) solutions. This chapter proposes a Post-Quantum Lattice Security (PQLS) system for protecting power plant data in smart cities. It integrates Kyber for secure key exchange, Falcon for quantum-resistant digital signatures, ZKP for efficient authentication without revealing sensitive data, and JSON-LD for standardizing the format of data received from different smart meters. To evaluate the security of the proposed framework, we analyze its resistance to various threats, such as side-channel and message recovery attacks. We measured key performance indicators. The results showed an average CPU utilization of 2.4592 MS, memory consumption averaging 1843.899 KB, an execution time of 2.45 MS, and a level averaging 66.27677. This demonstrates that our proposed system offers high security and efficiency, making it a practical solution for protecting electrical infrastructure in smart cities in the quantum era.
The rapid progress of quantum computing poses significant challenges to traditional cryptographic mechanisms, necessitating the adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) solutions. This paper proposes a Quantum-Enhanced Security for Smart Meters (QESM) system to protect power plant data in smart cities, integrating Kyber for secure key exchange, FALCON (Fast-Fourier Transform over Lattice-based Cryptography) for quantum-resistant digital signatures, and ZKP (Zero-Knowledge Proof) for effective verification without revealing sensitive data to secure power plant data against quantum attacks. To evaluate the security of the proposed system, we analyze its resistance to various quantum threats, including Shor’s algorithm, Grover’s algorithm, quantum key analysis, quantum reversal encryption, quantum amplification, quantum switching, and quantum collision attacks. In the current study, accurate measures were used and the average was approximately 7.065 (bits/byte) for randomness, the average execution time was 6.202 milliseconds, the average memory consumption was approximately 4.343 KB, 6.4 Completeness was equal to 1 and unforgeability was 100%. As for the average throughput, it was approximately 485,605 operations per second. That shows the QESM system provides strong security and efficiency, making it a viable solution for protecting the electricity infrastructure in smart cities in the quantum era.
In increasingly urbanizing surroundings, smart cities (SCs) are essential for improving urban living, addressing resource constraints, optimizing infrastructure, and utilizing technology for efficiency, sustainability, and a higher standard of living. Because quantum cryptography (QC) may offer appropriate performance for security for various applications, it is gaining importance in both the scientific and business areas. SCs produce a huge deal of data because of the extensive use of networks, sensors, and linked devices. Thus, SC security issues include cyber threats, data security, Internet of Smart City Things (IoSCT) vulnerabilities, and urban infrastructure dangers, necessitating strong solutions to protect residents, digital assets, and vital services. Some options include cybersecurity measures, data signatures, threat detection strategies, and standardized security procedures to promote a robust and safe SC ecosystem. Unfortunately, existing systems are still vulnerable to security threats, mainly due to the lack of fast and effective security techniques. In order to combat these security loopholes, this research work proposes a SC security system (PSCSS), grounded in QC, FALCON signatures (FS, QKD) technology, RF and QBoost. Use of QC helps in effective precautions to be maintained for security. In addition, because FS does provide reliable safety to protect the data received through the SC nodes from tampering. In this paradigm, QKD underpins the PSCSS, offering public and private keys to all SC nodes reliably and securely. To sum up, the fusion of RF and QBoost is beneficial when it comes to identifying suspicious data in PSCSS. The viability of the proposed system is illustrated through theoretical performance, security analysis and comparison of the SC system with state-of-theart security algorithms. The theoretical results show that our system achieves a better trade-off between performance and security than existing systems.
ABSTRACT Smart grids, as critical Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications, demand highly secure data transmission due to their reliance on interconnected devices and networks for managing electricity. Traditional encryption methods face challenges in secure key distribution and are increasingly vulnerable to quantum attacks. This work addresses these vulnerabilities by utilizing quantum cryptography to secure data exchange in smart grid systems. The primary contributions are the implementation of multi‐level encryption algorithms, specifically Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and the BB84 protocol, to ensure robust confidentiality and integrity in data transmission, overcoming key distribution issues and providing inherent detection of eavesdropping. Our proposed system facilitates secured, real‐time monitoring, control, and optimization of electricity generation, distribution, and consumption among distributed components. The performance of this framework is evaluated based on key metrics including relative execution time, correlation analysis of plaintext versus ciphertext, and privacy amplification effectiveness, demonstrating enhanced security and operational efficiency.
ABSTRACT Smart cities are built on a vast interconnected network of Internet of things (IoT), edge and cloud systems to optimise urban services and enhance the quality of life for the residents. However, this integration of cyber‐physical infrastructure expands the attack surface, making it vulnerable to advanced cyber threats. The most notable emerging threat is quantum computers, which can break the classical cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC, that form the foundation of cybersecurity. Integrating liboqs execution benchmarks with an analytical network fragmentation model simulated with NS‐3, evaluating NIST‐approved PQC key encapsulation mechanisms, ML‐KEM (Kyber512/768/1024), HQC (128/192/256) and classic McEliece variants, alongside signature schemes ML‐DSA (Dilithium), Falcon and SLH‐DSA (SPHINCS+) within a smart city network. We also extended the benchmarking to include NIST's SP 800‐230 draft and provide preliminary benchmarks of the six new parameter sets. To assess embedded feasibility, all algorithms are additionally executed on the ESP32 P4 microcontroller, measuring timing, energy consumption and memory under resource‐constrained conditions. This dual platform methodology enables cross‐validation of network‐level overhead and hardware‐level performance. Results show consistent behaviour across platforms. ML KEM 512 (NIST Security Level 1) provides the best KEM performance, with key generation at 7.2 µs (NS‐3) and 122.6 ms (ESP32 P4), and similarly efficient encapsulation/decapsulation. ML DSA 44 (NIST Security Level 2) achieves the fastest signatures at 64 µs on NS‐3 and 490.6 ms on ESP32 P4. These findings provide evidence‐based guidelines for deploying postquantum cryptography across smart city IoT–Edge–Cloud infrastructures, emphasising crypto‐agility and hybrid cryptography for smart city networks.