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Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy

Multi-channel fluorescence spectroscopy of the Rb 5 S 1 / 2 – 7 S 1 / 2 transition via monochromatic two-photon excitation

Sandan Wang, Wanwan Cao, Jinpeng Yuan, Lirong Wang, Liantuan Xiao, Suotang Jia

Published Nov 20, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.sab.2025.107387

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We report the results of two-photon-excited fluorescence (TPEF) measurements of the 5S1/2→5D5/25\mathrm{S}_{1/2} \rightarrow 5\mathrm{D}_{5/2}5S1/2​→5D5/2​ transition of 85^{85}85Rb and 87^{87}87Rb cooled in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). We observe TPEF at excitation powers as low as 1 μμμW or fluxes as low as 2.98−0.94+1.37×1018 photons cm−2 s−12.98_{-0.94}^{+1.37} \times 10^{18}\ \text{photons}\,\text{cm}^{-2}\,\text{s}^{-1}2.98−0.94+1.37​×1018 photonscm−2s−1 (85^{85}85Rb) and 3.31−1.33+2.21×1018 photons cm−2 s−13.31_{-1.33}^{+2.21} \times 10^{18}\ \text{photons}\,\text{cm}^{-2}\,\text{s}^{-1}3.31−1.33+2.21​×1018 photonscm−2s−1 (87^{87}87Rb). Our results demonstrate that optically cooled Rb is a promising platform for observing sensitive two-photon spectral signatures at low photon fluxes.
We present electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and double resonance optical pumping (DROP) spectra for the 5 S 1/2 →5 P 3/2 →5 D 5/2 transitions of 87 Rb atoms. Two-photon excitation to the 5 D 5/2 state is confirmed by detecting 420 nm fluorescence from the decay channel 6 P 3/2 →5 S 1/2 . We observe a dual structure in the transmission profile for the closed transition ( F =2→ F ′ =3→ F ′ ′ =4), which we attribute to competing DROP and EIT processes. A quantitative parameter K is introduced to characterize the DROP influence on EIT spectra. By adding a re-pumper field locked to the |5 S 1/2 , F =1⟩→|5 P 3/2 , F ′ =2⟩ transition, we demonstrate clear EIT signal with suppressed DROP effects. Two-photon absorption is also observed in both probe transmission and blue fluorescence spectra. The steady state solution of the density matrix equations derived from our five-level analytical model is in good agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, lock-in detection technique is used in the weak probe regime to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing EIT and DROP in multi-level atomic systems and offer practical strategies for achieving DROP-free EIT signals, which are essential for cascade EIT-based applications like Rydberg spectroscopy, quantum information, and quantum memory.