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Acta Optica Sinica

高维量子密钥分发进展（特邀）

王纺翔 Wang Fangxiang, 仲振秋 Zhong Zhenqiu, 王双 Wang Shuang, 陈巍 Chen Wei, 韩正甫 Han Zhengfu

Published Jan 1, 2025• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

量子密钥分发（QKD）利用量子力学基本原理实现信息论安全的保密通信，是保障国家信息安全的战略技术。然而，QKD大规模实用化部署仍然面临抗噪声能力不足、通信带宽受限和难以兼容组网等技术挑战。高维QKD（HD-QKD）利用高维编码实现安全的密钥分发，具备高噪声容忍能力、高信息传输效率和多模式兼容组网等优势。详细阐述HD-QKD在近期的主要技术突破，包括高维弱相干光子态、高维纠缠态等在提升QKD实用化性能方面取得的重要进展，并展望该领域的发展趋势和潜在应用前景。

DOI
10.3788/aos251137

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量子密钥分发（QKD）利用量子力学基本原理实现信息论安全的保密通信，是保障国家信息安全的战略技术。然而，QKD大规模实用化部署仍然面临抗噪声能力不足、通信带宽受限和难以兼容组网等技术挑战。高维QKD（HD-QKD）利用高维编码实现安全的密钥分发，具备高噪声容忍能力、高信息传输效率和多模式兼容组网等优势。详细阐述HD-QKD在近期的主要技术突破，包括高维弱相干光子态、高维纠缠态等在提升QKD实用化性能方面取得的重要进展，并展望该领域的发展趋势和潜在应用前景。
随着量子算法和量子计算机的快速发展，经典密码学正面临潜在的安全威胁。量子密钥分发（QKD）作为实现信息论安全的关键技术，已成为应对这一挑战的核心手段。高维量子密钥分发（HD-QKD）技术因其较高的信息容量和较强的抗噪声能力，迅速成为QKD领域的重要研究方向。近年来，HD-QKD在光子的多个自由度中得到广泛应用。本文回顾HD-QKD技术的最新进展，重点介绍不同自由度在HD-QKD中的实验成果，并分析不同自由度面临的挑战和HD-QKD未来的发展方向。
本文聚焦于量子密钥分发（QKD）在光纤通信系统中的安全增强机制。首先阐述了光纤通信系统面临的 安全威胁，强调保障其安全性的紧迫性。接着详细介绍了量子密钥分发的基本原理、关键技术，包括单光子源、量子 探测器等。深入分析了QKD为光纤通信系统带来的安全增强机制，如基于量子力学原理的不可窃听特性、信息论安全 性的密钥生成等。同时探讨了QKD在实际光纤通信系统应用中面临的挑战，如传输距离限制、环境干扰等，并提出了 相应的解决策略。
量子密钥分发（QKD）作为一种由量子物理保证的绝对安全的密钥分发引起了广泛的关注。在现有的量子密钥分发协议中，循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议（RRDPS-QKD）因其具有较大的比特错误容限度，在实际应用中具有极大的优势。在循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议基础上，设计一种新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议，在接收设备中通过一个开关将接收到的脉冲序列分为两支（定义为奇偶两支路），在奇（偶）路上加入一个随机延时器和一个延时器，既能使接收端接收到的所有脉冲都能参与干涉，提升脉冲序列的利用率，又能使发送端可以连续发送脉冲序列。仿真分析结果和模拟量子密钥分发实验结果表明，新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议能够明显增大脉冲序列参与干涉的概率，有效地提升了循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议的安全密钥率。
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) can higher the secret-key capacity and tolerate more errors. Several HD-QKD experiments have been demonstrated over deployed fibers to show promising future toward high-dimensional quantum communication networks. However, the practical security of HD-QKD systems should be widely considered before large-scale application of HD-QKD systems. In this paper, we focus on the HD-QKD based on the dispersive optics (DO-QKD) with both statistical and intensity fluctuations. For the condition only with statistical fluctuations, we present the parameter estimation based on an improved Chernoff bound. When considering the condition with both statistical and intensity fluctuations, we present the parameter estimation based on Azuma’s inequality. By numerical simulations, we find that the parameter estimation for DO-QKD based on the improved Chernoff bound is tighter than the previous work in terms of the secret-key capacity and the maximum transmission distance. Moreover, we find that intensity fluctuations affect the performance of DO-QKD greatly and the effect on smaller data size is more obvious.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has attracted much attention due to its unconditional security. High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) is a brand-new type of QKD protocol that has many excellent advantages. Nonetheless, practical imperfections in realistic devices that are not considered in the theoretical security proof may have an impact on the practical security of realistic HD-QKD systems. In this paper, we research the influence of a realistic intensity modulator on the practical security of HD-QKD systems with the decoy-state method and finite-key effects. We demonstrate that there is a certain impact in the secret key rate and the transmission distance when taking practical factors into security analysis.