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Blockchain technologies

Quantum Internet in a Decentralized Era: Tackling Trust, Latency, and Interoperability in Quantum Networks

K. Kalaiselvi, A. Bhuvaneswari, Ravi Srivel, Srikanth Nalluri, A. Agalya, Saravanan Pandiaraj

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-96-9148-7_23

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The rapid proliferation of Internet of Drones Networks (IoDN) in mission-critical applications such as surveillance, logistics, precision agriculture, and disaster response has intensified the demand for robust, scalable authentication mechanisms that ensure data confidentiality and integrity in dynamic, resource-constrained environments. Traditional cryptographic authentication schemes—such as RSA and ECC—are increasingly vulnerable to the computational power of quantum adversaries, particularly due to Shor's and Grover's algorithms, which compromise their long-term viability. This study conducts a systematic and comparative evaluation of over 50 authentication schemes spanning classical, lightweight, blockchain-augmented, and post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) domains. The analysis benchmarks protocols against multidimensional metrics including quantum resistance, computational and memory overhead, key generation cost, and deployment feasibility in UAV swarms. Notably, PQC primitives such as lattice-based CRYSTALS-Dilithium and hash-based SPHINCS+ exhibit superior quantum robustness but introduce latency and footprint challenges, impeding real-time IoDN operations. In contrast, optimized Ring-LWE and NTRU variants demonstrate 25–40% reductions in energy consumption on embedded drone platform, while preserving NIST-compliant security levels. Hybrid architectures integrating blockchain for decentralized trust and PQC primitives for key encapsulation show promise in balancing performance and fault tolerance, addressing key distribution bottlenecks without undermining scalability. However, interoperability gaps with IoT-centric protocols (e.g., LoRaWAN, MQTT) highlight standardization challenges. This study advocates for the co-design of quantum-resilient, lightweight authentication frameworks tailored to the spatio-temporal constraints of IoDN and outlines strategic directions for cross-sectoral collaboration to accelerate secure transition into the post-quantum era.

CRC Press eBooks•Nov 6, 2025•0 citations
The rapid convergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers enormous potential for ultra-reliable, low-latency, and massive device connectivity. However, this integration also raises security and privacy concerns, particularly in light of new threats from quantum computing that could undermine traditional cryptography. The architecture of quantum-safe IoT networks that can withstand post-quantum security threats is thoroughly discussed in this review. It addresses the challenges related to how to use blockchain technology to provide decentralized trust as well as secure transactions, how to use post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to protect data confidentiality, and the best way to use a trust management architecture to improve identity verification, authorization, and authentication in the diverse IoT environment. The paper then examines scalability considerations, resource constraints, and interoperability problems that impact safe IoT deployments in the 6G era. This work serves as a roadmap for researchers and practitioners who aim to create robust and future IoT infrastructure and then maintain their security in a post-quantum world by integrating recent research patterns, solution development, and considerations related to real-world implementation.
While the quantum Internet leverages quantum mechanics to achieve unprecedented security against security threats such as eavesdropping, challenges remain, particularly in trust establishment. Traditional methods using a trusted third party in the conventional Internet system may be inadequate in decentralized or ad-hoc networks. Whereas, blockchain technology offers a decentralized solution, making it a promising solution. However, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the blockchain consensus protocols in diverse quantum Internet scenarios. This study assesses the-state-of-art Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus protocol, ParBFT, with regard to the scal-ability and resilience through the quantum Internet simulation. Moreover, this study explores the potential enhancement to better meet the unique demands of high-latency or unstable networks.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Drones Networks (IoDN) in mission-critical applications such as surveillance, logistics, precision agriculture, and disaster response has intensified the demand for robust, scalable authentication mechanisms that ensure data confidentiality and integrity in dynamic, resource-constrained environments. Traditional cryptographic authentication schemes—such as RSA and ECC—are increasingly vulnerable to the computational power of quantum adversaries, particularly due to Shor's and Grover's algorithms, which compromise their long-term viability. This study conducts a systematic and comparative evaluation of over 50 authentication schemes spanning classical, lightweight, blockchain-augmented, and post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) domains. The analysis benchmarks protocols against multidimensional metrics including quantum resistance, computational and memory overhead, key generation cost, and deployment feasibility in UAV swarms. Notably, PQC primitives such as lattice-based CRYSTALS-Dilithium and hash-based SPHINCS+ exhibit superior quantum robustness but introduce latency and footprint challenges, impeding real-time IoDN operations. In contrast, optimized Ring-LWE and NTRU variants demonstrate 25–40% reductions in energy consumption on embedded drone platform, while preserving NIST-compliant security levels. Hybrid architectures integrating blockchain for decentralized trust and PQC primitives for key encapsulation show promise in balancing performance and fault tolerance, addressing key distribution bottlenecks without undermining scalability. However, interoperability gaps with IoT-centric protocols (e.g., LoRaWAN, MQTT) highlight standardization challenges. This study advocates for the co-design of quantum-resilient, lightweight authentication frameworks tailored to the spatio-temporal constraints of IoDN and outlines strategic directions for cross-sectoral collaboration to accelerate secure transition into the post-quantum era.