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Journal of Optics and Photonics Research

Raman Scattering of Light and Axions

V. E. Ogluzdin

Published Oct 10, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on the modern idea that a photon is a stable, indivisible particle, it is necessary to abandon the generally accepted idea that in the elementary act of Raman scattering of light, a photon splits into two particles. Such a rejection and the transition to a four-photon scheme of the elementary act with the participation of an axion make it possible to preserve the integrity of the photons involved in the elementary act of Raman scattering. The laser beam interacts with vibrations of atoms in molecules, with electrons in atoms, and with phonons or other excitations in the medium under study, as a result of which frequency components appear in the radiation spectrum at the output of the medium under study, shifted relative to the laser frequency toward high or low values. Raman scattering of light is the inelastic scattering of optical radiation in the medium under study, accompanied by a noticeable change in the frequency of radiation. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, which occurs when the refractive indices of the medium and the pumping radiation coincide in phase, in Raman scattering, spectral lines appear in the spectrum of scattered radiation that are not present in the spectrum of primary (exciting) light. Raman scattering of light can be observed in various media: liquids, semiconductors, and gases. It is noteworthy that with the advent of lasers, spontaneous Raman scattering has been supplemented by forced scattering, which allows for a clear result. Using the example of laser radiation scattering in a cell with atomic potassium vapor, it is shown that axions participate in the process of Raman scattering of light. Received: 26 November 2024 | Revised: 29 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102768, reference number [5]. Author Contribution Statement Valeriy Evgenievich Ogluzdin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.

DOI
10.47852/bonviewjopr52024902

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Based on the modern idea that a photon is a stable, indivisible particle, it is necessary to abandon the generally accepted idea that in the elementary act of Raman scattering of light, a photon splits into two particles. Such a rejection and the transition to a four-photon scheme of the elementary act with the participation of an axion make it possible to preserve the integrity of the photons involved in the elementary act of Raman scattering. The laser beam interacts with vibrations of atoms in molecules, with electrons in atoms, and with phonons or other excitations in the medium under study, as a result of which frequency components appear in the radiation spectrum at the output of the medium under study, shifted relative to the laser frequency toward high or low values. Raman scattering of light is the inelastic scattering of optical radiation in the medium under study, accompanied by a noticeable change in the frequency of radiation. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, which occurs when the refractive indices of the medium and the pumping radiation coincide in phase, in Raman scattering, spectral lines appear in the spectrum of scattered radiation that are not present in the spectrum of primary (exciting) light. Raman scattering of light can be observed in various media: liquids, semiconductors, and gases. It is noteworthy that with the advent of lasers, spontaneous Raman scattering has been supplemented by forced scattering, which allows for a clear result. Using the example of laser radiation scattering in a cell with atomic potassium vapor, it is shown that axions participate in the process of Raman scattering of light. Received: 26 November 2024 | Revised: 29 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102768, reference number [5]. Author Contribution Statement Valeriy Evgenievich Ogluzdin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Raman scattering is a two-photon process [1]. As illustrated in Fig. la, an incident photon is annihilated and a new photon of a different frequency is created. This implies that the scattering is inelastic, and the medium is left in a different energy state. When the scattered photon is lower in energy, or frequency, it is said to be Stokes shifted. The shift in frequency of the Stokes photon is related to a characteristic frequency of the medium. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a. Calling this characteristic material excitation frequency ω)v, the Stokes frequency is then ωs = ΩL — ωv, where ωL is the incident laser frequency. Thus, Raman (Stokes) scattering results in an excitation from the ground state of the medium to an excited state mediated by a two-photon inelastic scattering. The internal material excitation can involve the creation of an excited electronic state, an excited vibrational-rotational state, a lattice vibration, a spin flip in semiconductors, or electron waves in plasmas [2]. The phenomenon occurs in gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas.
Introduction-What happens to photons of laser radiation whose energy differs from the energy of the inter-level electronic transitions of atoms of the substance under study. According to Bohr and Einstein, the traditional scheme of interaction between radiation and matter includes the following processes: 1) resonant absorption of radiation, 2) spontaneous radiation, 3) resonant stimulated radiation. In the absence of resonance between the pumping frequency and the frequencies of electronic transitions in atoms alloying a dispersed medium, the interaction of radiation and matter is carried out due to the annihilation of pairs of pump radiation photons, the birth of axions and their subsequent decay into new photons whose energy differs from the energy of the pump photons. If in atomic vapors in the resonant case one photon is required for the transition of an electron from the ground level S to the excited P, then in the non-resonant case such a transition is possible due to the annihilation of a pair of photons.
The review deals with various variants of classification of the types of secondary emission of light by molecules; cases are distinguished in which the secondary emission occurs without additional processes that find their way between photon emission and absorption; the advisability of differentiating between the cases of resonance fluorescence and resonance scattering is noted. Reference is made to papers that have made contributions to the development of quantum-mechanical and classical theory of Raman scattering and to the development of the concepts of the relations between electron-vibrational absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and scattering excitation near and near and far resonance. Conditions are considered of excitation of the spectrum at different relations between the electronic-oscillator damping constant, the atom vibration frequency, the rotational frequencies, and the difference between the frequency of the incident light and the frequency of the electronic transition. The conditions for the excitation of typical light scattering, typical resonance fluorescence, and certain intermediate types, in which individual features of scattering are combined with certain features of fluorescence (phenomena of the transition type) are noted. The results of investigations of different models of the scattering centers, their advantages, shortcomings, and limits of applicability are compared. The most interesting results of the experimental investigations of resonant scattering of light by molecules and crystals are noted.
The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter. When a monochromatic light beam (pump beam) propagates in an optical fibre, spon- taneous Raman scattering transfers some of the photons to new frequencies. The probability of a photon scattering to a particular frequency shift, depends on that frequency shift, forming a characteristic spectrum. The scattered photons may lose energy (Stokes) or gain energy (anti-Stokes). If the pump beam is linearly polarized, then the polarization of scattered photons may be the same (parallel scattering) or orthogonal (perpendicular scattering). If photons are already present at other frequencies then the probability of scattering to those frequencies is enhanced (stimulated scattering). In this thesis, the equations governing the Raman effect, both in bulk glass and single mode fibre, are restated. The probability of spontaneous scattering (parallel and perpendicular) in an optical fibre has been measured for frequency shifts between 4THz and 58THz. Particular attention has been given to those frequency shifts where the scattering is intrinsically weak. This has identified those frequency shifts where it might be possible to eliminate Raman noise from experiments designed to generate quantum states of light in optical fibres using four wave mixing. From the measured scattering probabilities, the Raman equations can be used to predict the scattering cross-section in bulk glass. The prediction is found to be in reasonable agreement with measurements of the bulk glass cross-section published by other authors. By increasing the pump power, the transition to stimulated scattering has been observed. In the case of Stokes scattering there is reasonable agreement between the Raman equations and experimental observations. In the case of anti-Stokes scattering, and in the limit of very high pump power, behaviour is observed which is not predicted by the Raman equations, indicating that other processes must be included to successfully describe such experiments.
The traditional Raman process alluded to in Chap. 13 is a three-state sequence of transitions in which radiative excitation (induced by a pump field) is followed by spontaneous emission that produces a final state differing from the initial state [Her50b] [Sho90, § 17.5]. When the final state of the sequence is more energetic than the initial state the resulting emission line (to the red of the pump wavelength) is known as a Stokes spectral line. The difference between the pump frequency and the Stokes frequency, the Raman frequency , defines the excitation energy of the final state relative to the initial state. When, instead, the final state has lower energy than the initial state, as can occur when the initial quantum state is already excited, then the emission is an anti-Stokes line, at a bluer wavelength than the pump field. The overall Raman scattering is a two-photon process. Typically Raman spectroscopy deals with molecules; the two-photon transitions are then between vibrational-rotational states, through electronically excited intermediate states, that are characterized in part by vibrational quantum number v and rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J, M . From any given excited electronic state there are many fluorescing transitions, corresponding to various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the final state. The wavelengths of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines (i.e. the Raman frequencies) characterize the particular molecular species, and so they have provided a valuable diagnostic tool for spectroscopists.
An analysis is made of the possibility of observation of Raman scattering resonances free of the influence of the Doppler effect. Such Doppler-free resonances result from the excitation of a standing wave of Raman vibrations in a gas by two standing optical waves differing in frequency by half the Raman frequency. Complete compensation of the Doppler shifts occurs as a result of simultaneous interaction of atomic particles with two pairs of counterpropagating waves. Scattering of traveling pump waves by a standing wave of Raman vibrations in the fifth order with respect to the field gives rise to resonances in the radiation at the Stokes and anti-Stokes frequencies. Coherent scattering is observed in the presence of dispersion. A resonance in the number of particles excited to the upper level of a Raman transition appears in the eighth order in the field. The expressions obtained are applied to the specific example of neon.