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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Overlight and tunneling photons in laser beam in medium of two-level atoms

V. E. Ogluzdin

Published Apr 20, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

There is an interest in consideration of the propagation of the Gaussian monochromatic light beams through a cell filled with the medium of two-level atoms (in our case, the atomic potassium vapor), which has (at small detuning from resonant transition to low or high frequencies) the refractive index other than unity (n > 1 for v < v01 and n < 1 for v > v01, where v is the light frequency and v01 is the resonant-transition frequency). In this case, the properties of the radiation passed through the cell are changed. In the very close proximity of the resonance, the nonlinear processes (the three-photon electronic stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and the six-photon parametric scattering (SPS)) play a crucial role. It is precisely these processes in the two-level medium that determine the irreversibly transformed spectral and angular structure of the light beams at the output of the cell.

DOI
10.1117/12.561006

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There is an interest in consideration of the propagation of the Gaussian monochromatic light beams through a cell filled with the medium of two-level atoms (in our case, the atomic potassium vapor), which has (at small detuning from resonant transition to low or high frequencies) the refractive index other than unity (n > 1 for v < v01 and n < 1 for v > v01, where v is the light frequency and v01 is the resonant-transition frequency). In this case, the properties of the radiation passed through the cell are changed. In the very close proximity of the resonance, the nonlinear processes (the three-photon electronic stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and the six-photon parametric scattering (SPS)) play a crucial role. It is precisely these processes in the two-level medium that determine the irreversibly transformed spectral and angular structure of the light beams at the output of the cell.
It is well known that driven two-level atoms can exhibit optical amplification.1 This fact has led to the recent demonstration of single-photon lasing in cell and atomic-beam type ensembles of two-level atoms.2 We show that the same simple two-level system can also be utilized as a two- or more-photon amplifying medium. The underlying physics can be understood in terms of the atom field dressed-state picture. When driven by a field detuned from the atomic resonance, significant population inversion between the dressed-state doublets can be created. In the dressed picture, single-photon lasing occurs between inverted sublevels of adjacent dressed-state doublets. Transitions between nonadjacent doublets are still inverted, but require two or more photons. In the degenerate case, the multiphoton emission frequencies differ from the single-photon emission frequency and can hence be selectively enhanced using an optical cavity. Due to the peculiar structure of dressed levels, the multiphoton emissions are all connected through near resonant intermediate states. The multiphoton emissions can also be viewed as a stimulated hyper-Raman scattering of successively higher order.
Based on the modern idea that a photon is a stable, indivisible particle, it is necessary to abandon the generally accepted idea that in the elementary act of Raman scattering of light, a photon splits into two particles. Such a rejection and the transition to a four-photon scheme of the elementary act with the participation of an axion make it possible to preserve the integrity of the photons involved in the elementary act of Raman scattering. The laser beam interacts with vibrations of atoms in molecules, with electrons in atoms, and with phonons or other excitations in the medium under study, as a result of which frequency components appear in the radiation spectrum at the output of the medium under study, shifted relative to the laser frequency toward high or low values. Raman scattering of light is the inelastic scattering of optical radiation in the medium under study, accompanied by a noticeable change in the frequency of radiation. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, which occurs when the refractive indices of the medium and the pumping radiation coincide in phase, in Raman scattering, spectral lines appear in the spectrum of scattered radiation that are not present in the spectrum of primary (exciting) light. Raman scattering of light can be observed in various media: liquids, semiconductors, and gases. It is noteworthy that with the advent of lasers, spontaneous Raman scattering has been supplemented by forced scattering, which allows for a clear result. Using the example of laser radiation scattering in a cell with atomic potassium vapor, it is shown that axions participate in the process of Raman scattering of light. Received: 26 November 2024 | Revised: 29 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102768, reference number [5]. Author Contribution Statement Valeriy Evgenievich Ogluzdin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
We report a new spectroscopy method achieved by combined refraction and propagation delay of light pulses passing through a prism cell filled with an atomic vapor. The atomic vapor medium has strong refractive index gradients near the atomic resonant absorption features, and these features enable the separation in time and space of different spectral features of a light pulse propagating through the vapor cell. The gradient of the refractive index leads to a slowing of the light pulse, while simultaneously, the magnitude of the refractive index and the prismatic windows or internal prism elements of the atomic vapor cell spatially separate the frequencies due to dispersion. The combination of these two effects leads to high-resolution spectral selectivity and strong suppression of out-of-band light. Applications are achieved for Rayleigh, Raman, and Thomson spectroscopy for which the wavelength of the scattering spectra tracks the wavelength of the excitation laser source. The laser is tuned such that the spectral line of interest falls near the resonance of the atomic vapor. Applications for rotational Raman spectroscopy are of particular interest since specific Raman lines can be selected while other Raman lines as well as background Rayleigh and other scattering are strongly rejected.
On speed of a photon in a dispersing medium Ogluzdin Valeriy E. Abstract Based on the author of the experimental results and their treatment, a model that demonstrates that the real dispersive medium in spectral regions where the refractive index greater than unity, the velocity of propagation of photons in this environment corresponds to the phase velocity of light. These portions of the spectrum (for example, atomic potassium vapor or other alkali metal) are from low-frequency side of the main lines of the doublet and are available for research using tunable lasers. In the calculations took into account the fact that the atomic vapor of alkali metal used as a dispersing medium, in accordance with the theory of dispersion in the above sections of the spectrum, on the periphery of the cross section of laser beam with Gaussian intensity distribution across the beam - in the shadows refractive index n (ν) is greater than unity, and the axis of the beam, where the radiation intensity is maximum - for radiation following the leading edge of the light pulse, the refractive index is unity, which ensures smooth on the beam axis, without any delay "superluminal "propagation of light with velocity c. This fact causes the appearance of the shadow cone of Vavilov - Cherenkov radiation, indicating a slow propagation of photons from the source of the cone with phase velocity c / n (ν).