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International Conference on Communications

Traffic Engineering in Quantum Networks: A Caching-Enabled Approach to Entanglement Routing

Wan-Ting Ho, Wei-Chia Hsieh, Lifeng Chen, Jian-Jhih Kuo, Shing-Yan Fang, Ming-Jer Tsai

Published Jun 8, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the enhanced security offered by quantum teleportation, quantum networks (QNs) are gradually gaining significant attention. However, previous research on QNs often exhausts all network resources to serve requests, hence overlooking the scarce resources in QN. This oversight easily leads to resource wastage and requests competing for limited resources. To address the above issues, this paper introduces a new optimization problem named EINS, which minimizes the maximum resource utilization and finds routing paths for each request through certain intermediate nodes. This design cleverly divides the routing path into segments to enhance routing path diversity. To solve the EINS, we design a novel algorithm named GOAL, which provides an$O(\log\vert V\vert)$bound for constraint deviation. It efficiently and equitably distributes requests, ensuring optimal network utilization. Finally, the simulation results manifest that GOAL can outperform the existing methods by up to 99%.

DOI
10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160752

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International Conference on Communications•Jun 8, 2025•1 citation
With the enhanced security offered by quantum teleportation, quantum networks (QNs) are gradually gaining significant attention. However, previous research on QNs often exhausts all network resources to serve requests, hence overlooking the scarce resources in QN. This oversight easily leads to resource wastage and requests competing for limited resources. To address the above issues, this paper introduces a new optimization problem named EINS, which minimizes the maximum resource utilization and finds routing paths for each request through certain intermediate nodes. This design cleverly divides the routing path into segments to enhance routing path diversity. To solve the EINS, we design a novel algorithm named GOAL, which provides anO(log⁡∣V∣)O(\log\vert V\vert)O(log∣V∣)bound for constraint deviation. It efficiently and equitably distributes requests, ensuring optimal network utilization. Finally, the simulation results manifest that GOAL can outperform the existing methods by up to 99%.
Quantum networks (QNs) gradually gain significant attention due to their higher security compared with classical networks. Conventional approaches in QN routing often aggregate multiple requests into a batch before determining their routing paths. However, this approach may overlook the limited lifetime of qubits, resulting in critical decoherence. In this paper, we present a new online entanglement routing architecture with an online optimization problem and propose a novel [1, O(log |V|)]-competitive algorithm supporting online requests with admission control, aiming to maximize the number of admitted requests. Finally, extensive simulation results show that our algorithm can outperform the existing approaches by up to 98%.
Quantum network can provide end-to-end entanglements through quantum operations, supporting various quantum applications such as quantum key distribution and distributed quantum computing. However, many previous proposals for quantum networks assumed the division of quantum network into time slots and batch processing of network communication tasks, performing poorly in dynamic network scenarios and not fully utilizing network resources. This work focuses on the routing problem in entanglement quantum networks, aiming to provide more efficient end-to-end entanglement establishment for upper-layer applications. We propose an on-demand routing algorithm that dynamically adjusts the optimal path based on the current network conditions. Specifically, we consider the benefits of path width for quantum networks and propose an algorithm for finding the shortest wide path. Using this algorithm, each node establishes its own routing table. Additionally, to dynamically avoid network hotspots, we introduce the concept of traffic to reflect the busyness of nodes. Finally, using a dynamic cost calculation method as the routing metric, we select the optimal path for the current request. To evaluate the performance of the proposed quantum routing algorithm, we conducted simulation experiments on SimQN quantum simulation platform. The results show that our approach improves network throughput by 14 percent compared to existing solutions.
Quantum Data Networks (QDNs) typically leverage teleportation to reliably send data quantum bits (called qubits) to their destinations. To teleport a data qubit from Alice to Bob, one entanglement connection between Alice and Bob needs to be established. Accordingly, we have to establish as many entanglement connections as possible with limited quantum resources in order to maximize the network throughput. Conventional methods assume a known traffic matrix and calculate the paths to establish entanglement connections in one batch using a centralized algorithm. However, these methods are not scalable in large scale QDNs since it is time consuming to optimize the entanglement paths for a batch of requests, which may result in a long time slot duration and significantly reduce the network throughput. To address this issue, we propose an Online Entanglement Routing (OER) scheme which determines the entanglement paths for each request when it arrives. In addition, OER pursues work conservation and fairness among all requests in the QDNs. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that OER not only outperforms two representative heuristics by up to 61.27% and 52.79%, respectively, in terms of average request completion time, but also achieves a better fairness performance than these two counterparts.
Scheduling in quantum networks involves strategically allocating quantum resources to maximize entanglement distribution efficiency and overall performance. Unlike classical networks, quantum systems lack conventional buffering mechanisms, making traditional scheduling paradigms less effective. Existing quantum network algorithms predominantly focus on routing algorithms to identify optimal entanglement paths, often neglecting timeslot scheduling for mitigating resource contention and transmission latency, particularly under multi-user environments. To address these challenges, we propose a routing algorithm tightly integrated with priority-based dynamic scheduling. The algorithm not only discovers efficient entanglement paths but also optimizes resource utilization for concurrent requests. Simulation results confirm that this approach conserves quantum resources, reduces latency, and substantially boosts network performance, providing a robust solution for multi-user quantum environments.
Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ computationally expensive solutions (e.g., linear programming) to determine which links to entangle and use for end-to-end entanglement generation. Such optimization methods, however, cannot meet the delay requirements of real-world quantum networks, necessitating swift yet efficient real-time optimization models. In this paper, we propose reinforcement learning (RL)-based models to determine which links to entangle and proactively swap to meet connection requests. We show that the proposed RL-based approach is 20x faster compared to linear programming. Moreover, we show that one can take advantage of the longevity of entanglements to (i) cache entangled links for future use and (ii) proactively swap entanglement on high-demand path segments, thereby increasing the likelihood of request success. Through comprehensive simulations, we demonstrate that caching unused entanglements leads to a 10-15% improvement in the performance of state-of-the-art quantum routing algorithms. Complementing caching with proactive entanglement swapping further enhances the request success rate by up to 52.55%.
Quantum nodes exchange qubits to achieve largescale quantum computing applications in a quantum network (QN). However, due to environmental influences, entangled links used for data transmission would decohere over time. Besides, the scarcity of quantum memory in each quantum node necessitates frequent communication between nodes, leading to significant variations in the traffic matrix. Thus, providing real-time services in QNs becomes particularly important. To this end, this paper presents a new optimization problem and proposes a novel online algorithm, which combines the game-theoretic analysis results with the linear programming (LP) by the primal-dual technique. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other baselines by up to 90 %.