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International Electronics Symposium (IES)

Implementation of a Secret Key Generation System for Static Multi-User Communication in Indoor Wireless Networks

Naufal Fattah Rizqi, Mike Yuliana, Amang Sudarsono

Published Aug 5, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper aims to develop and evaluate a lightweight and secure Secret Key Generation (SKG) system for static multi-user indoor wireless communication using Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) data. The proposed system integrates fading interpolation, 5-bit multi-bit quantization, Cascade reconciliation, and SHA-128 hashing for privacy amplification. Experiments were conducted at$5 ~\mathrm{m}, 15 ~\mathrm{m}$, and 25 m in a star topology with three legitimate users and one eavesdropper. At 5 m and 15 m, the system achieved high Key Generation Rates (KGR) of$\mathbf{1 3. 9 6 \%}$and$\mathbf{1 4. 5 2 \%}$, with Bit Mismatch Rates (BMR) of 86.73 % and 86.02 %. Cascade reconciliation retained up to 4120 bits from 5000-bit sequences, and SHA-128 ensured all keys were compressed to 128 -bit. NIST testing confirmed strong randomness (entropy 0.93) for legitimate users, while eavesdropper entropy remained low (0.81-0.84). AES-128 encryption successfully decrypted messages for valid pairs and failed for Eve, confirming system security. These results highlight the system's potential for secure and scalable communication in indoor IoT environments.

DOI
10.1109/ies67184.2025.11161361

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The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.
Physical layer security (PLS) techniques hold promise for augmenting secure communications in the 5thgeneration of mobile wireless networks. Secret key generation (SKG) is a PLS technique which exploits the wireless propagation channel's randomness to generate symmetric key bits for information encryption and decryption. This work proposes symmetric key generation based on non-uniform quantization of the received signal strength (RSS) samples of a Nakagami-mmm fading channel. The proposed strategy for non-uniform quantization for SKG aims to set quantization thresholds for maximal key randomness and high values of key generation rate (KGR) and key agreement probability (KAP). Finally, a framework is proposed to use single node RSS measurements, readily available in the literature, to generate RSS samples at the other link end. This framework facilitates the testing of new SKG algorithms that require simultaneous RSS measurements by the legitimate nodes, which are not readily available in the open literature. The effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme is validated through Monte Carlo methods and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite for assessing the randomness of the generated key sequence.
We evaluate the effectiveness of secret key extraction, for private communication between two wireless devices, from the received signal strength (RSS) variations on the wireless channel between the two devices. We use real world measurements of RSS in a variety of environments and settings. Our experimental results show that (i) in certain environments, due to lack of variations in the wireless channel, the extracted bits have very low entropy making these bits unsuitable for a secret key, (ii) an adversary can cause predictable key generation in these static environments, and (iii) in dynamic scenarios where the two devices are mobile, and/or where there is a significant movement in the environment, high entropy bits are obtained fairly quickly. Building on the strengths of existing secret key extraction approaches, we develop an environment adaptive secret key generation scheme that uses an adaptive lossy quantizer in conjunction with Cascade-based information reconciliation [7] and privacy amplification [14]. Our measurements show that our scheme, in comparison to the existing ones that we evaluate, performs the best in terms of generating high entropy bits at a high bit rate. The secret key bit streams generated by our scheme also pass the randomness tests of the NIST test suite [21] that we conduct.
In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of secret key extraction from the Received signal strength (RSS) variations on the wireless channel between the two devices for private communication between them. We use real world measurements of RSS in a variety of environments and settings. The results from our experiments with 802.11-based laptops show that 1)An adversary can cause predictable key generation in these static environments, and 2)In dynamic scenarios where the two devices are mobile, high entropy bits are obtained . Building on the strengths of existing secret key extraction approaches, we develop an environment adaptive secret key generation scheme that uses an adaptive Cascade-based information reconciliation and privacy amplification. In our scheme, to provide good scalability in terms of the number of nodes, we utilize a combinatorial design of public-private key pairs, which means nodes combine more than one key pair to encrypt and decrypt messages. We also show that it provides controllable resilience when malicious nodes compromise a limited number of nodes before key revocation and renewal.
Since the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology on the surface a few years ago, this IoT technology has been advancing. It has attracted the attention of cybercriminals. One of the cybercrime targets is the security of key management systems and their distribution schemes. This paper offers a solution to this issue by using a physical layer key generation (PLKG) scheme which utilizes the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from a Long Range (LoRa) device as a key extraction source. The proposed scheme utilizes several methods. Polynomial fitting is used for the initial fitting process, 2-Ary quantization for conversion of RSSI to multibit, BCH to correct the difference in bits obtained between the two authorized users, privacy amplification for increased randomness, and AES-128 for encryption of sent messages. The expected outcome of this paper is that the scheme developed can generate keys with high approximate entropy and fulfills randomness requirements so that there is no need to distribute keys between authorized users. Testing the success of the scheme will be carried out in indoor and outdoor environments with static user positions. The test results show that the keys generated in all scenarios meet the randomness requirements with approximate entropy values above 0.01.