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IEEE Wireless Communications Letters

Relay-Aided Physical Layer Security in Multi-Eavesdropper VLC via Optimization of Beamforming Vector and Spatial Position

Kun Wu, Yuhan Dong, Xinchun Yu, Jian Song, Xiao-Ping Steven Zhang

Published Sep 24, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a novel relay-aided physical layer security scheme for multi-eavesdropper visible light communication. When eavesdroppers outnumber relays, we strategically position relays to prioritize blocking line-of-sight (LoS) paths from the light source to the subset of eavesdroppers with stronger interception capabilities, ingeniously transforming potential limitations of obstacles into security advantages. Subsequently, relays are designed to broadcast jamming signals, with beamforming vector optimized to minimize the sum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio at remaining eavesdroppers. Conversely, we solely determine relay placement to obstruct all LoS paths from the light source to eavesdroppers. Numerical results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms traditional schemes in security capacity.

DOI
10.1109/lwc.2025.3613930

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We propose a novel relay-aided physical layer security scheme for multi-eavesdropper visible light communication. When eavesdroppers outnumber relays, we strategically position relays to prioritize blocking line-of-sight (LoS) paths from the light source to the subset of eavesdroppers with stronger interception capabilities, ingeniously transforming potential limitations of obstacles into security advantages. Subsequently, relays are designed to broadcast jamming signals, with beamforming vector optimized to minimize the sum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio at remaining eavesdroppers. Conversely, we solely determine relay placement to obstruct all LoS paths from the light source to eavesdroppers. Numerical results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms traditional schemes in security capacity.
Traditional physical layer security (PLS) schemes for multi-user visible light communication (MuVLC) are designed with multiple light sources, rendering them inapplicable to MuVLC with single light source. To address this limitation, we propose an innovative relay-aided PLS scheme based on cooperative jamming for MuVLC with single light source. First, we randomly select parts of relays for cooperative jamming, modeling their locations as a Poisson point process (PPP). Then, a jamming signal introduced through these selected relays significantly decreases the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio of the randomly located eavesdroppers, thereby increasing the security capacity. By modeling the eavesdropper locations as another independent PPP, we analyze the security performance by deriving closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function of security capacity, security outage probability, its lower and upper bounds, and ergodic security capacity. These theoretical expressions are verified via Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that our scheme achieves high-level communication security. Furthermore, increasing relay density, decreasing eavesdropper density, reducing target security capacity, or lowering relay plane height can effectively reduce security outage probability, offering valuable insights for designing secure MuVLC with single light source.
A novel relay-aided physical layer security scheme is proposed in this letter. The channel model incorporates partial reflection components in the received signal according to the signal power. With this channel model, we formulate three security capacity maximization problems based on three relay-aided scenarios: cooperative jamming, decode-and-forward, and amplify-and-forward. By using an iterative algorithm, we jointly optimize the beamforming vector and two-dimensional spatial positions of relays based on the formulated problems to maximize the sum data rate while defending against eavesdropping. Numerical results show that the sum data rate for legal receivers can be improved by applying the proposed scheme.
In this paper, we propose an innovative relay-aided physical layer security scheme leveraging cooperative transmission and jamming that operates effectively in time-division-multiple-access-based multi-user visible light communication (MuVLC) systems with obstructed communication links. First, to circumvent obstacles between the light source (LS) and legal receivers, we utilize a transmission relay (TR) to forward information signals from the LS to the receiver plane. Subsequently, to ensure communication security, we select a jamming relay to enlarge the channel capacity gap between eavesdroppers and legal receivers through cooperative jamming. Using stochastic geometry, we derive closed-form expressions for key performance metrics, including the cumulative distribution function of secrecy capacity, security outage probability, and their lower and upper bounds, both with and without relay cooperation. To further enhance system security, we introduce a disk-shaped security-protected zone around the TR. All analytical expressions are numerically verified through Monte Carlo simulations, serving as benchmarks to evaluate security performance. Numerical results confirm that our proposed scheme can ensure continuous signal reception and high-level security. Furthermore, while relay cooperation modestly enhances system security, the introduction of a security-protected zone around the TR yields substantial security improvement, which offers practical insights for designing secure time-division-multiple-access-based MuVLC where communication links are obstructed.
In this paper, we address the secure data transmission through visible light communication (VLC) using physical layer security (PLS) techniques and particularly, optical beamforming with the zero-forcing algorithm. More precisely, we consider the secrecy capacity of classical multiple-input single-output VLC so that the system can deal with eavesdroppers by minimizing the secrecy outage probability (SOP). The considered wireless channel is modeled by the Gaussian distribution, which is subject to amplitude constraints. We quantity the achievable secrecy capacity and SOP for the conventional line-of-sight VLC link and show that how the beamforming can determine the optimal placement of the transmitters. We also show that for a given SOP, the proposed optimal placement offers a signal-to-noise ratio gain of up to 6 dB compared to classical methods such as uniform placement of the transmitters. Our numerical results indicate that the proposed optimal LED arrangement can achieve an SOP of 10−1010^{-10}10−10 while the SOP with uniform arrangement is equal to 10−410^{-4}10−4.
In this paper, we study physical layer security (PLS) aspects of a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/visible light communication (VLC) system with multiple decode-and-forward relaying nodes equipped with friendly jamming capabilities. We first propose a novel joint relay–jammer selection algorithm to enhance the secrecy performance of the network. Next, we obtain beamforming vectors and the minimal power values, which satisfy the required secrecy threshold. Our simulation results show that the proposed hybrid RF/VLC scheme obtains higher secrecy capacity compared to the standalone VLC and RF technologies. Finally, we proved the proposed technique to be an eavesdropping-resilient PLS solution.
The broadcast nature of wireless networks makes them vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks; therefore, physical layer security (PLS) becomes essential to protect the signal at the physical layer. In this paper, we investigate PLS aspects in terms of the secrecy capacity (SC) in hybrid radio frequency (RF)/visible light communication (VLC) networks. First, we design RF-and VLC-based beamforming vectors to maximize the achievable SC. Moreover, using these vectors, we solve the power minimization problem satisfying the required SC. The results provide useful insights into how the eavesdropper's location affects the power consumption profile. Finally, the results reveal that the performance of the VLC network in terms of the consumed power per bits/s/Hz is more efficient than the RF one.