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Nature Photonics

Chip-scale electrically driven superconducting coherent photon sources for quantum information processing

Kaveh Delfanazari

Published Sep 22, 2025• 8 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/s41566-025-01735-9

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Electrometry of a single resonator mode at a Rydberg-atom–superconducting-circuit interface

D. M. Walker, L. L. Brown, S. D. Hogan

The electric-field distribution in a single mode of a $\ensuremath{\lambda}/4$ superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) microwave resonator has been probed using beams of helium Rydberg atoms. In the experiments the atoms were prepared in the $1\mathrm{s}55\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ Rydberg level by laser photoexcitation. They then traveled over the CPW resonator that was fabricated on a NbN superconducting chip operated at 3.8 K. The resonator was driven at its third-harmonic frequency, near resonant with the two-photon $1\mathrm{s}55\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1\mathrm{s}56\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ transition at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{55\mathrm{s},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}56\mathrm{s}}/2=2\ensuremath{\pi}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}19.556\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}499$ GHz. The coherence times of the atom--resonator-field interaction were determined at selected locations above the resonator by time-domain measurements of Rabi oscillations and found to be up to $0.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for Rabi frequencies of $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\pi}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3$ MHz. The coherence times of the atomic superposition states, generated following the interaction of the atoms with the microwave field in the resonator, were inferred from high-resolution cavity-enhanced Ramsey spectra to be $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. These Ramsey spectra also allowed the measurement of residual uncanceled dc electric fields of $26.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$ mV/cm at the position of the atoms $\ensuremath{\sim}300\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ above the surface of the superconducting chip. These results represent an essential step toward applications of hybrid systems, comprising Rydberg atoms coherently coupled to superconducting microwave circuits, in quantum optics and quantum information processing.

Physical Review A•Feb 28, 2022•8 citations
The integration of qubits with long coherence times and functional quantum devices on a single chip, and thus the realization of an all-solid-state quantum computing chip, is an important goal in current experimental research on quantum information processing. Among various quantum platforms, a series of significant progresses have been made in photonic quantum chips and superconducting quantum chips, while both the number of qubits and the complexity of quantum circuits have been increasing. Although these two chip platforms have respective unique advantages and potentials, their shortcomings have been gradually revealed and need to be solved. By introducing phonon-integrated devices, it is possible to combine all unsuspended phononic, photonic, and superconducting quantum devices organically on the same chip to achieve coherent coupling among them. Here, we provide a prospect and a short review on the integrated photonic, superconducting, and hybrid quantum chips for quantum information processing.
The electric-field distribution in a single mode of a $\ensuremath{\lambda}/4$ superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) microwave resonator has been probed using beams of helium Rydberg atoms. In the experiments the atoms were prepared in the 1s55s3S11\mathrm{s}55\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}1s55s3S1​ Rydberg level by laser photoexcitation. They then traveled over the CPW resonator that was fabricated on a NbN superconducting chip operated at 3.8 K. The resonator was driven at its third-harmonic frequency, near resonant with the two-photon $1\mathrm{s}55\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1\mathrm{s}56\mathrm{s}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ transition at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{55\mathrm{s},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}56\mathrm{s}}/2=2\ensuremath{\pi}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}19.556\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}499$ GHz. The coherence times of the atom--resonator-field interaction were determined at selected locations above the resonator by time-domain measurements of Rabi oscillations and found to be up to $0.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for Rabi frequencies of $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\pi}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3$ MHz. The coherence times of the atomic superposition states, generated following the interaction of the atoms with the microwave field in the resonator, were inferred from high-resolution cavity-enhanced Ramsey spectra to be $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. These Ramsey spectra also allowed the measurement of residual uncanceled dc electric fields of $26.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$ mV/cm at the position of the atoms $\ensuremath{\sim}300\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ above the surface of the superconducting chip. These results represent an essential step toward applications of hybrid systems, comprising Rydberg atoms coherently coupled to superconducting microwave circuits, in quantum optics and quantum information processing.