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Nonlinear Optics for High Dimensional Quantum States in Nanophotonics

Liat Nemirovsky-Levy, Amit Kam, Meir Lederman, Meir Orenstein, Uzi Pereg, Mordechai Segev, Guy Bartal

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a nonlinear process to selectively project and create high-dimensional quantum states (qudits) in a nanophotonic chip. To do that, we employ nonlinearity to control near-field modes carrying angular momentum.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff128_1

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Quantum nanophotonics merges the precision of nanoscale light manipulation with the capabilities of quantum technologies, offering a pathway for enhanced light-matter interaction and compact realization of quantum devices. Here, we show how a recently-demonstrated nonlinear nanophotonic process can be employed to selectively create photonic high-dimensional quantum states (qudits). We utilize the nonlinearity on the surface of the nanophotonic device to dress, through the polarization of the pump field, the near-field modes carrying angular momentum and their superpositions. This idea is an important step towards experimental realizations of quantum state generation and manipulation through nonlinearity within nanophotonic platforms, and enables new capabilities for on-chip quantum devices.
Abstract Quantum nanophotonics offers essential tools and technologies for controlling quantum states, while maintaining a miniature form factor and high scalability. Nanophotonic platforms can transfer information from the traditional degrees of freedom (DoFs) of photons, such as spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM), to the DoFs of the nanophotonic platform—and back, opening new directions for quantum information processing. Recent experiments have utilized, for entanglement the total angular momentum (TAM) of a photon—as a unique DoF of nanophotonic platforms—for demonstrating entanglement in TAM. Here, we unravel the morphing of quantum states of heralded single photons as they couple into and out of the near-field of a nanophotonic system. Through quantum state tomography, we discover that the TAM state of the near-field transforms to a free-space entangled state within a larger Hilbert space of SAM and OAM. Furthermore, we show that this entangled single photon state is in fact a quantum optical Stokes skyrmion with a topological invariant of ±2\pm 2±2 ± 2 . The concepts described here bring new ideas and methodologies in developing high-dimensional quantum circuitry on a chip.
We propose a scheme to generate hyperentanglement between photons carrying angular momentum in nanophotonic systems with discrete rotational symmetry. Coupling free-space photons into surface plasmon polaritons by a polygonal-shaped grating restricts the basis of the generated near-field modes to a finite set, thus creating a new mechanism for spatial mode entanglement. By encoding the incoming photons with spin and orbital angular momenta, we find that the system preserves the high-dimensional Hilbert space, in contrast to rotationally symmetric nanophotonic platforms, where the inseparability of spin and orbital degrees of freedom results in loss of information. We further show that by properly engineering the phase of the photons to conform to the polygonal boundary conditions, we achieve a new scheme for generating hyperentangled states, utilizing both the vector-field nature of the nanophotonic modes and the finite basis of states in polygonal boundary conditions. Our approach paves the way for on-chip quantum communication by expanding the Hilbert space used in computation.