Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Superradiance of Multilevel Atoms: Base-Independent Photon Entanglement

Amir Sivan, Meir Orenstein

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entangled multiphoton states are emitted from superradiant ensembles of multilevel atoms. Base-independent photon entanglement is obtained from partially degenerate four-level atoms. Both atomic structure and initial excitation control multiphoton states and their entanglement. .
DOI
10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff111_4

Related papers

Base-Independent Photon Entanglement in Superradiance of Multilevel Atoms

Amir Sivan, Meir Orenstein

We propose realization of sources of multiphoton entanglement from atomic ensembles via a fast and deterministic superradiance process [1]. We leverage the collective emission phenomenon of superradiance in order to generate multiphoton states, and entangle them in their frequency degree of freedom by incorporating the dynamics of multilevel atoms. Such deterministic high-yield sources of entangled photons are crucial for applications pertaining to quantum computation, quantum communications and quantum metrology [2]. We emphasize that the original Dicke superradiance model [3] and its extensions have only dealt with the atomic-ensemble entanglement and photonic ensemble-average observables such as intensity and autocorrelation, and photonic entanglement in superradiance has never been considered.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 23, 2025•0 citations

Adding photonic entanglement to superradiance by using multilevel atoms

Amir Sivan, Meir Orenstein

We show here that the photonic states emitted by ensembles of multilevel atoms via a superradiance process exhibit entanglement in the modal (frequency) degree of freedom, making this collective emission process a favorable candidate for a fast, bright, and deterministic source of entangled photons. This entanglement is driven by two mechanisms: (i) selective excitation of the atomic ensemble to a superposition state, and (ii) degeneracies of the optical transitions owing to the internal structure of the emitting atoms. The latter induces intricate nonradiative virtual transitions in the ensemble, which create interatomic correlations that are imprinted onto the emitted photons. One of the important outcomes of this complexity is the generation of mode-independent entangled multiphoton states. In addition, we study the dynamics of the correlations of the superradiating multilevel atom ensembles, and demonstrate a case where they exhibit beating in steady state as a result of the aforementioned virtual transitions.

arXiv:2410.13655•Physical Review Research•Jun 27, 2025•1 citation

Adding Photon Entanglement and Quantum Beating to Superradiance by Using Multilevel Atoms

Amir Sivan, Meir Orenstein

Entanglement is added to the multiphoton state emanated by superradiance. It is achieved by employing multilevel atoms, via a multipath Dicke ladder. Additional quantum effects like beating between collective states are exhibited.

•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Single-Photon Superradiance and Subradiance as Collective Emission from Symmetric and Anti-Symmetric States

N. Piovella, Stefano Olivares

Recent works have shown that collective single photon spontaneous emission from an ensemble of N resonant two-level atoms is a rich field of study. Superradiance describes emission from a completely symmetric state of N atoms, with a single excited atom prepared with a given phase, for instance imprinted by an external laser. Instead, subradiance is associated with the emission from the remaining N−1 asymmetric states, with a collective decay rate less than the single-atom value. Here, we discuss the properties of the orthonormal basis of symmetric and asymmetric states and the entanglement properties of superradiant and subradiant states.

arXiv:2307.14667•Symmetry•Sep 25, 2023•1 citation

Quantum theory of coherent spontaneous and stimulated emissions

Martin E. Smithers, Eugene Y. C. Lu

Photon statistics are obtained from exact closed-form solutions for both spontaneous and stimulated coherent emissions by a large number of two-level atoms in a Dicke state. Depending on the initial excitation level of the atoms, three types of photon statistics are obtained for the emitted radiation field. Moments of the photon number of the emitted field are calculated in the case of initial atomic coherent states as well as Dicke states, and in the case of n-photon stimulating pulses as well as coherent stimulating pulses. In the particular case of an initial "superradiant" Dicke state stimulated by a coherent-radiation field, the emitted radiation pulse is also fully coherent. In other cases the photon distributions undergo large fluctuations.

Physical Review A•Feb 1, 1974•25 citations

Single-photon superradiance in cold atoms

Rafael Alves De Oliveira, Milrian S. Mendes, Weliton Soares Martins +3 more

The interaction of an ensemble of atoms with common vacuum modes may lead to an enhanced emission into these modes. This phenomenon, known as superradiance, highlights the coherent nature of spontaneous emission, resulting in macroscopic entangled states in mundane situations. The complexity of the typical observations of superradiance, however, masks its quantum nature, allowing alternative classical interpretations. Here we stress how this picture changed with the implementation ten years ago of a new process for single-photon generation from atomic ensembles. We present then the last piece of evidence for the superradiant nature of such a process, reporting the observation of an accelerated emission of the photon with a rate that may be tuned by controllably changing the number of atoms in the ensemble. We hope such an investigation will help open up a new bottom-up approach to the study of superradiance.

arXiv:1408.0825•Physical Review A•Aug 26, 2014•61 citations
We propose realization of sources of multiphoton entanglement from atomic ensembles via a fast and deterministic superradiance process [1]. We leverage the collective emission phenomenon of superradiance in order to generate multiphoton states, and entangle them in their frequency degree of freedom by incorporating the dynamics of multilevel atoms. Such deterministic high-yield sources of entangled photons are crucial for applications pertaining to quantum computation, quantum communications and quantum metrology [2]. We emphasize that the original Dicke superradiance model [3] and its extensions have only dealt with the atomic-ensemble entanglement and photonic ensemble-average observables such as intensity and autocorrelation, and photonic entanglement in superradiance has never been considered.
We show here that the photonic states emitted by ensembles of multilevel atoms via a superradiance process exhibit entanglement in the modal (frequency) degree of freedom, making this collective emission process a favorable candidate for a fast, bright, and deterministic source of entangled photons. This entanglement is driven by two mechanisms: (i) selective excitation of the atomic ensemble to a superposition state, and (ii) degeneracies of the optical transitions owing to the internal structure of the emitting atoms. The latter induces intricate nonradiative virtual transitions in the ensemble, which create interatomic correlations that are imprinted onto the emitted photons. One of the important outcomes of this complexity is the generation of mode-independent entangled multiphoton states. In addition, we study the dynamics of the correlations of the superradiating multilevel atom ensembles, and demonstrate a case where they exhibit beating in steady state as a result of the aforementioned virtual transitions.
Recent works have shown that collective single photon spontaneous emission from an ensemble of N resonant two-level atoms is a rich field of study. Superradiance describes emission from a completely symmetric state of N atoms, with a single excited atom prepared with a given phase, for instance imprinted by an external laser. Instead, subradiance is associated with the emission from the remaining N−1 asymmetric states, with a collective decay rate less than the single-atom value. Here, we discuss the properties of the orthonormal basis of symmetric and asymmetric states and the entanglement properties of superradiant and subradiant states.
Photon statistics are obtained from exact closed-form solutions for both spontaneous and stimulated coherent emissions by a large number of two-level atoms in a Dicke state. Depending on the initial excitation level of the atoms, three types of photon statistics are obtained for the emitted radiation field. Moments of the photon number of the emitted field are calculated in the case of initial atomic coherent states as well as Dicke states, and in the case of n-photon stimulating pulses as well as coherent stimulating pulses. In the particular case of an initial "superradiant" Dicke state stimulated by a coherent-radiation field, the emitted radiation pulse is also fully coherent. In other cases the photon distributions undergo large fluctuations.
The interaction of an ensemble of atoms with common vacuum modes may lead to an enhanced emission into these modes. This phenomenon, known as superradiance, highlights the coherent nature of spontaneous emission, resulting in macroscopic entangled states in mundane situations. The complexity of the typical observations of superradiance, however, masks its quantum nature, allowing alternative classical interpretations. Here we stress how this picture changed with the implementation ten years ago of a new process for single-photon generation from atomic ensembles. We present then the last piece of evidence for the superradiant nature of such a process, reporting the observation of an accelerated emission of the photon with a rate that may be tuned by controllably changing the number of atoms in the ensemble. We hope such an investigation will help open up a new bottom-up approach to the study of superradiance.