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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Charging Quantum Batteries with Noise

S.Y. Liu, Lu Wang, Hao Fan, Fenglin Wu, Siyuan Liu

Published Sep 15, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A model of the Heisenberg spin chain quantum battery that is charged by noise is built, and the energy can be extracted. In a phase‐flip noisy environment, it is found that there are sudden changes in steady‐state energy and ergotropy with the variation of the nearest neighbor interaction strength on the plane. These sudden changes are associated with quantum phase transition (QPT), which has been shown through the crossover of the ground state energy level and the first excited state energy level, as well as the order parameters. In a thermal bath, the changes are investigated in steady‐state energy and ergotropy with the variation of the nearest neighbor interaction strength on the plane. The components of Hamiltonian of the battery in the , , and directions are used to explain the steady‐state energy continuity at the QPT points. In addition, the effect of mean occupation number of the thermal bath on the steady‐state energy and ergotropy is also considered. For the general Heisenberg spin chain and ‐qubit batteries, it is proved that the noise can also be used to charge the battery, and the ergotropy is non‐zero.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202500504

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Abstract A model of the Heisenberg spin chain quantum battery that is charged by noise is built, and the energy can be extracted. In a phase‐flip noisy environment, it is found that there are sudden changes in steady‐state energy and ergotropy with the variation of the nearest neighbor interaction strength on the plane. These sudden changes are associated with quantum phase transition (QPT), which has been shown through the crossover of the ground state energy level and the first excited state energy level, as well as the order parameters. In a thermal bath, the changes are investigated in steady‐state energy and ergotropy with the variation of the nearest neighbor interaction strength on the plane. The components of Hamiltonian of the battery in the , , and directions are used to explain the steady‐state energy continuity at the QPT points. In addition, the effect of mean occupation number of the thermal bath on the steady‐state energy and ergotropy is also considered. For the general Heisenberg spin chain and ‐qubit batteries, it is proved that the noise can also be used to charge the battery, and the ergotropy is non‐zero.
A quantum battery is a temporary energy-storage system. We construct a quantum battery model of an NNN-spin chain with nearest-neighbor hopping interaction and investigate the quantum battery's charging process. We obtain the maximum energy in the quantum battery charged by a coherent cavity driving field or a thermal heat bath. We confirm that for a finite-length spin chain, thermal charging results in a nonzero ergotropy, contradicting a previous result: An incoherent heat source cannot charge a single-spin quantum battery. The nearest-neighbor hopping interaction induces energy-band splitting, enhancing the energy storage and the ergotropy of the quantum battery. We find a critical point in the energy and ergotropy resulting from the ground-state quantum phase transition after which the energy significantly enhances. Finally, we also find that disorder increases the energy of the quantum battery.
We construct a central-spin battery model affected by noise or thermal bath and consider the impact of environment on battery performance. In a noisy environment, we show that the steady-state energy and ergotropy are related to the number of spins exposed to the noisy channel. In addition, we reveal the relationship between the steady-state energy and ergotropy with the quantum information lost in the battery. In a thermal bath, we find that the higher the mean occupation number of the thermal bath, the greater the steady-state energy. In particular, we find that, in two different environments, the steady-state energy and ergotropy are related to the effective magnetic-field strength of battery BBB, but not charger hhh. It is worth noting that, in the central-spin model, when BBB is a constant and $|h/B\ensuremath{-}1|$ reaches a certain value, the steady-state energy and ergotropy with noise or thermal bath are always greater than or equal to the maximum energy and ergotropy of the corresponding closed battery. At the same time, we generalize the conclusions to the two-qubit, two-harmonic-oscillator, and harmonic-oscillator-qubit models.
We investigate the performance of a quantum battery exposed to local Markovian and non-Markovian dephasing noises. The battery is initially prepared as the ground state of a one-dimensional transverse XYXYXY model with open boundary condition and is charged (discharged) via interactions with local bosonic reservoirs. We show that in the transient regime, the quantum battery (QB) can store energy faster and has a higher maximum extractable work, quantified via ergotropy, when it is affected by local phase-flip or bit-flip Markovian noise compared to the case when there is no noise in the system. In both the charging and discharging processes, we report the enhancement in work output as well as in ergotropy when all the spins are affected by a non-Markovian Ohmic bath in both the transient and the steady-state regimes, thereby showing a counterintuitive advantage of decoherence in the QB. In both Markovian and non-Markovian cases, we identify the system parameters and the corresponding noise models which lead to maximum enhancement of work output and ergotropy. Moreover, we show that the benefit due to noise persists even with the initial state being prepared at a moderate temperature.
Reliable charging protocols are crucial for advancing quantum batteries toward practical use. We investigate a transverse-field Ising chain as a quantum battery, focusing on the combined role of qubit interactions in the battery model and finite charging time. This interplay yields smoother and more controllable charging compared to sudden protocols or non-interacting batteries. Introducing stochastic noise reveals a strong dependence on the charging trajectory. Protocols that weakly excite the system gain energy under noise but lose extractable work. In contrast, protocols that strongly excite many modes show the opposite trend: noise reduces stored energy yet improves efficiency, defined as the ratio of ergotropy to stored energy. These findings demonstrate that finite-time ramps stabilize charging and highlight that noise can either hinder or enhance quantum-battery performance depending on the protocol.
Quantum batteries, which are energy-storage or state-storage devices that exploit unique quantum effects, are sensitive to environmental noise. Here, we demonstrate that suitably engineered noise can induce a "Zeno-like" stabilization effect of the charging process in a spin-chain quantum battery within the Heisenberg XYZ model. Focusing on a system size N=6, which balances computational cost and storage capacity, we find that the ergotropy-to-energy ratio W(t)/E_B(t) attains a maximum value of about 0.99 at a certain time parameter value. Then, by varying the noise strength in each channel, we find that not only does decoherence merely degrade performance but it may also stabilize stored energy and ergotropy in the high noise strength regime. For instance, the phase-flip channel slows charging and reduces charging power, but its discharging behavior releases energy and ergotropy more slowly, allowing the battery to be used for longer times compared to bit-flip and bit-phase-flip channels. In contrast, the bit-flip channel enables fast charging, but yields low storage and rapid energy release. Remarkably, the bit-phase-flip channel can combine the advantages of both bit-flip and phase-flip channels in the high-noise-strength regime. The bit-phase-flip channel supports accelerated charging together with enhanced storage capacity, while its discharging behavior resembles that of the bit-flip channel with rapid energy release. These results reveal that, under sufficiently strong noise, environmental decoherence induces a Zeno-like stabilization, allowing it to achieve enhanced charging performance and to stabilize stored energy and ergotropy in the spin-chain quantum battery.
ABSTRACT This study investigates the charging performance of single‐qubit and multi‐qubit quantum batteries in both Markovian and non‐Markovian environments. Using the collision model to simulate a bosonic bath, we provide a detailed study of the impact of temperature on battery performance through both analytical and numerical solutions in a prepared thermal bath, demonstrating that high temperature generally suppresses steady‐state ergotropy of quantum batteries, while also accelerating the convergence to the steady state. By applying the Luo‐Fu‐Song measure of non‐Markovianity, it is found that the information backflow generated in a non‐Markovian environment further enhances the battery's ergotropy and speeds up the approach to the steady state. Additionally, when studying multi‐qubit quantum battery, we consider each individual spin as an independent battery unit. The results show that non‐Markovian memory effects allow spins directly coupled to the bath to store more energy. Notably, with elevated temperature even enhancing their steady‐state ergotropy due to information backflow. Finally, we find that the battery's mixedness is always positively correlated with the unavailable energy. This provides theoretical support for distributed energy extraction in quantum batteries.