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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Quantum Teleportation of Genuine Single-Rail Vacuum-One-Photon Qubits

Beatrice Polacchi, Francesco Hoch, Giovanni Rodari, Stefano Savo, Gonzalo Carvacho, Nicolò Spagnolo, Taira Giordani, Fabio Sciarrino

Published Jun 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum teleportation represents a key protocol for several tasks in quantum information processing. Theoretically proposed in [1], it was successfully demonstrated with qubits encoded in various degrees of freedom and platforms. However, its implementation with qubits in the photon-number encoding is challenging, since their preparation is unfeasible with linear optics. Indeed, only entangled states could be teleported in previous teleportation demonstrations in this encoding [2], which has been raising a growing interest in quantum computation and communication tasks due to the recent technological improvements in single-photon generation and detection efficiency. On the other hand, quantum dot-based single-photon sources are raising attractivity due not only to their high generation rates, single-photon purity, and high photon indistinguishability, but also to their capability to generate coherent superpositions of photon-number states when driven in the resonance fluorescence regime [3].

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11111393

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Quantum teleportation represents a key protocol for several tasks in quantum information processing. Theoretically proposed in [1], it was successfully demonstrated with qubits encoded in various degrees of freedom and platforms. However, its implementation with qubits in the photon-number encoding is challenging, since their preparation is unfeasible with linear optics. Indeed, only entangled states could be teleported in previous teleportation demonstrations in this encoding [2], which has been raising a growing interest in quantum computation and communication tasks due to the recent technological improvements in single-photon generation and detection efficiency. On the other hand, quantum dot-based single-photon sources are raising attractivity due not only to their high generation rates, single-photon purity, and high photon indistinguishability, but also to their capability to generate coherent superpositions of photon-number states when driven in the resonance fluorescence regime [3].
Quantum state teleportation represents a pillar of quantum information and a milestone on the roadmap towards quantum networks with a large number of nodes. Successful photonic demonstrations of this protocol have been carried out employing different qubit encodings. However, demonstrations in the Fock basis encoding are challenging, due to the impossibility of generating a coherent superposition of vacuum-one photon states on a single mode with linear optics. Indeed, previous realizations only allowed the teleportation of dual-rail entangled states, by exploiting ancillary electromagnetic modes. Here, instead, we enable the quantum teleportation of pure vacuum-one-photon qubits encoded in a single spatial mode, by exploiting coherent control of a resonantly excited semiconductor quantum dot in a micro-cavity. Within our setup, we can both teleport genuine single-rail vacuum-one-photon qubits and perform entanglement swapping. Our results may disclose new quantum information processing potentialities for this encoding, whose manipulation is achievable via quantum dot single-photon sources.
We report the experimental demonstration of a quantum teleportation protocol with a semiconductor single photon source. Two qubits, a target and an ancilla, each defined by a single photon occupying two optical modes (dual-rail qubit), were generated independently by the single photon source. Upon measurement of two modes from different qubits and postselection, the state of the two remaining modes was found to reproduce the state of the target qubit. In particular, the coherence between the target qubit modes was transferred to the output modes to a large extent. The observed fidelity is 80%, in agreement with the residual distinguishability between consecutive photons from the source. An improved version of this teleportation scheme using more ancillas is the building block of the recent Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn proposal for efficient linear optics quantum computation.
Semiconductor quantum dots are currently emerging as one of the most promising sources of non-classical light on which to base future quantum networks. They can generate single photons as well as pairs of entangled photons with unprecedented brightness, indistinguishability, and degree of entanglement. These features have very recently opened up the possibility to perform advanced quantum optics protocols that were previously inaccessible to single quantum emitters. In this work, we report on two experiments that use the non-local properties of entanglement to teleport quantum states: three-photon state teleportation and four-photon entanglement teleportation. We discuss all the experimental results in light of a theoretical model that we develop to account for the non-idealities of the quantum source. The excellent agreement between theory and experiment enables a deep understanding of how each parameter of the source affects the teleportation fidelities and it pinpoints the requirements needed to overcome the classical limits. Finally, our model suggests how to further improve quantum-dot entangled-photon sources for practical quantum networks.
The ability to distribute quantum information between distant nodes, enabling the implementation of quantum networks, is crucial for the advancement of fundamentally-secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. To this purpose, nodes must be equipped with efficient sources of flying qubits, such as deterministic single photon emitters. Among them, semiconductor quantum dots, and in particular GaAs quantum dots, are promising candidates due to their outstanding features. However, these quantum dots often exhibit dissimilar emission properties, so that interfacing two distinct emitters is generally a significant challenge. Nonetheless, by implementing state-of-the-art techniques for the engineering of the emitters electronic structure together with high time-resolution detection systems, it is possible to achieve both high photon indistinguishability and high degree of entanglement. Through the combination of these methods, photonic quantum teleportation between two separate quantum dots was successfully demonstrated over a fiber and free-space quantum network laid over the Sapienza University campus.
Entanglement plays a central role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics as well as in the burgeoning field of quantum information processing. Particularly in the context of quantum networks and communication, an outstanding challenge is the efficient generation of entanglement between stationary (spin) and flying (photon) qubits. In this talk, I will first show the observation of quantum entanglement between a semiconductor quantum dot spin and the color of a propagating optical photon [1]. The demonstration of entanglement relies on the use of fast single-photon detection which allows us to project the photon into a superposition of its two frequency components. Our results extend the previous demonstrations of single-spin-photon entanglement in trapped ions, neutral atoms and nitrogen vacancy centers to the domain of artificial atoms in semiconductor nano-structures that allow for integration of electronic and photonic elements.
All-optical quantum teleportation lies at the heart of quantum communication science and technology. This quantum phenomenon is built up around the nonlocal properties of entangled states of light that, in the perspective of real-life applications, should be encoded on photon pairs generated on demand. Despite recent advances, however, the exploitation of deterministic quantum light sources in push-button quantum teleportation schemes remains a major open challenge. Here, we perform an important step toward this goal and show that photon pairs generated on demand by a GaAs quantum dot can be used to implement a teleportation protocol whose fidelity violates the classical limit (by more than 5 SDs) for arbitrary input states. Moreover, we develop a theoretical framework that matches the experimental observations and that defines the degree of entanglement and indistinguishability needed to overcome the classical limit independently of the input state. Our results emphasize that on-demand solid-state quantum emitters are one of the most promising candidates to realize deterministic quantum teleportation in practical quantum networks.