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Physica Scripta

Propagation of two-dimensional Airy vortex beams in electromagnetically induced transparent rubidium atomic vapor

W. Li, Zhirong Liu

Published Aug 22, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the propagation properties of two-dimensional Airy vortex beams in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) medium, based on a four-level rubidium atomic vapor system controlled by dual coupling Rabi frequencies. By establishing the ABCD transmission matrix of the EIT medium and employing the Collins integral formula, analytical expression for the propagation of the Airy vortex beam in the EIT medium is derived. Using the obtained analytical solution, this study further examines the beam’s intensity distribution, phase evolution characteristics, and their dependencies on several key parameters such as transverse scale, truncation factor, and vortex center position. Results demonstrate that the intensity of the Airy vortex beam can be modulated by the coupling Rabi frequency: with the change of the coupling Rabi frequency, the Airy vortex beam will be focused, and the main lobe will form a quasi-focus, accompanied by the reproduction of phase singularities. Moreover, the transverse deflection of the beam will be reduced when the coupled Rabi frequency is increased. At the same time, the vortex position, truncation factor and transverse scale also affect the field intensity distribution of the beam. These research results could have potential application value in the fields of optical bullets and optical micromanipulation.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/adfea4

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Abstract This study investigates the propagation properties of two-dimensional Airy vortex beams in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) medium, based on a four-level rubidium atomic vapor system controlled by dual coupling Rabi frequencies. By establishing the ABCD transmission matrix of the EIT medium and employing the Collins integral formula, analytical expression for the propagation of the Airy vortex beam in the EIT medium is derived. Using the obtained analytical solution, this study further examines the beam’s intensity distribution, phase evolution characteristics, and their dependencies on several key parameters such as transverse scale, truncation factor, and vortex center position. Results demonstrate that the intensity of the Airy vortex beam can be modulated by the coupling Rabi frequency: with the change of the coupling Rabi frequency, the Airy vortex beam will be focused, and the main lobe will form a quasi-focus, accompanied by the reproduction of phase singularities. Moreover, the transverse deflection of the beam will be reduced when the coupled Rabi frequency is increased. At the same time, the vortex position, truncation factor and transverse scale also affect the field intensity distribution of the beam. These research results could have potential application value in the fields of optical bullets and optical micromanipulation.
We study the propagation properties of an Airy beam through a four-level electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) atomic vapor. The analytical expression for the Airy beam passing through the ABCD optical system of the EIT vapor is deduced and employed to analyze the propagation characteristics of the beam. It is shown that both the deflection position and the intensity of the Airy beam can be modulated by the Rabi frequency of the control light. Such a tunable optical behavior may have some potential applications in medicine science.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is an important phenomenon in quantum optics, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of quantum information processing and quantum precision metrology. Recently, with the rapid progress of the generation and detection of structured light, the EIT with structured light has attracted enormous interests and offers new and novel functionalities and applications. Here, we theoretically study the propagation and evolution of Gaussian vortex beams, a typical type of structured light, in an EIT medium with Λ-type three-level atoms. Based on the generalized Huygens-Fresnel principle, we derive the analytical expressions of fully and partially coherent Gaussian vortex beams propagating in the EIT medium, and study the evolution of the intensity and phase distributions of the beams and their dependencies on parameters such topological charge, coherence length, Rabi frequency, etc. It is shown that both the fully and partially coherent Gaussian vortex beams undergo focusing and diverging periodically during propagation. The phase singularity of the fully coherent beam keeps unchanged, while the phase singularity of the partially coherent beam experiences splitting and recombination periodically. In addition, new phase singularities with opposite topological charge are generated in the latter case. Our results not only advance the study of the interaction between structured light and coherent media, but also pave the avenue for manipulating structured light via EIT.
We numerically investigate the dynamics of inward circular finite-energy Airy beams carrying different orbital angular momentum (OAM) numbers in a close-Λ three-level atomic vapor with the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window. We report that due to the EIT induced by the microwave field, the transverse intensity distribution properties of Airy beam can be feasibly manipulated and modulated through adjusting OAM numbers l and the frequency detuning, as well as the propagation distance, in the multi-level atomic systems. What’s more, the rotation of the beam also can be observed with different positions in atomic ensembles. The investigation may provide a useful tool for studying particle manipulation, signal processing and propagation in graded-index (GRIN) fibers.
Propagation of generalized multi-Gaussian correlated Schell-model (GMGCSM) beams through four-level electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) atomic vapor is investigated for the first time. Analytical expression for the GMGCSM beam passing through an ABCD optical system of EIT vapor is deduced and employed to analyze its propagation properties. It is demonstrated that intensity evolution of the targeted GMGCSM beam through EIT atomic vapor is dependent on the coupling Rabi frequency of the control light, the beam’s index and coherence length. Moreover, analysis shows that degree of coherence of the beam can also be regulated by the coupling Rabi frequency. Additionally, it is shown that, selecting appropriate coherence length, GMGCSM beams of the first kind would form a shift from a dark-centered distribution known as “optical cage”, to a peak-centered distribution; GMGCSM beams of the second kind would shift from a flat-topped distribution to a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, EIT atomic vapor provides a method to regulate the coherence of partially coherent beams. Results obtained here could be expected applications in free-space optical communications, material thermal processing, and optical trapping.
Airy vortex beams, which integrate orbital angular momentum with diffraction-resistant and self-accelerating characteristics of Airy beams, offer unique capabilities for high-capacity optical communication and high-resolution imaging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation and manipulation of frequency-converted Airy vortex beams through four-wave mixing in hot Rb vapor. A 780 nm vortex beam and a 776 nm two-dimensional Airy beam coherently participate in the four-wave mixing process, generating a 420 nm output beam that combines the orbital angular momentum of the vortex beam with the spatial structure of the Airy beam. The generated beam exhibits pronounced quasi-nondiffracting propagation and self-acceleration, with an intensity decay rate reduced by a factor of ∼1.88 relative to the input vortex beam and a transverse acceleration ∼1.84 times that of the input Airy beam. Moreover, both the intensity and the spatial profile of the generated beam are flexibly manipulated by varying the Rb vapor temperature and the pump beam power. This work provides a versatile approach for generating and controlling structured light at what we believe are new wavelengths, opening opportunities for short-wavelength optical manipulation and optical information processing.