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IEEE Access

Precise Analysis of Secrecy Outage Probability and Eavesdropping Strategies in Secure, Energy-Efficient Wireless Networks for Copyright Protection of Digital Contents

Bùi Vũ Minh, Hye-Young Kim, Tan Nhat Nguyen, Phuong T. Tran, Sang Quang Nguyen, Byung-Seo Kim, Miroslav Vozn̆ák

Published Jan 1, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nowadays, the emergence of digital applications such as online gaming, extended reality (XR), and the Metaverse, causes the increasing demand of copyright data protection. The copyright data may be encrypted and transferred over communication media like wireless channels. In wireless communication networks, the need for robust content security and data protection is becoming increasingly critical. In addition, this communication also requires ultrareliable, low latency, and high-bandwidth connectivity. This paper proposes a secure and energy-efficient communication framework that leverages the synergies of Physical Layer Security (PLS) and Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques to address these demands. Specifically, a source node, energized by harvested energy, securely transmits confidential data to a multi-antenna destination node, while mitigating potential interception by an eavesdropper. The proposed framework incorporates advanced PLS strategies, including the use of jamming signals, Selection Combining (SC), and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) to enhance the confidentiality of the transmitted information. We derive exact analytical expressions for the Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and validate the theoretical results through Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results demonstrate a significant performance improvement, revealing the intricate trade-offs between energy efficiency and security. In future work, we intend to explore the integration of AI-driven adaptive security protocols and blockchain-based authentication mechanisms to further fortify content security in next-generation wireless networks.

DOI
10.1109/access.2025.3601007

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Nowadays, the emergence of digital applications such as online gaming, extended reality (XR), and the Metaverse, causes the increasing demand of copyright data protection. The copyright data may be encrypted and transferred over communication media like wireless channels. In wireless communication networks, the need for robust content security and data protection is becoming increasingly critical. In addition, this communication also requires ultrareliable, low latency, and high-bandwidth connectivity. This paper proposes a secure and energy-efficient communication framework that leverages the synergies of Physical Layer Security (PLS) and Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques to address these demands. Specifically, a source node, energized by harvested energy, securely transmits confidential data to a multi-antenna destination node, while mitigating potential interception by an eavesdropper. The proposed framework incorporates advanced PLS strategies, including the use of jamming signals, Selection Combining (SC), and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) to enhance the confidentiality of the transmitted information. We derive exact analytical expressions for the Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and validate the theoretical results through Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results demonstrate a significant performance improvement, revealing the intricate trade-offs between energy efficiency and security. In future work, we intend to explore the integration of AI-driven adaptive security protocols and blockchain-based authentication mechanisms to further fortify content security in next-generation wireless networks.
This paper proposes a secure wireless communication system that integrates Physical Layer Security (PLS) with Energy Harvesting (EH) to improve both data confidentiality and network sustainability. The system model consists of a source node S, powered by energy harvested from spatially distributed power stations, a multi-antenna destination node D, and an eavesdropper node E located within the communication range. A time-switching protocol enables the source node S to alternate between energy harvesting and secure data transmission. To enhance signal quality and system security, the destination node D employs Selection Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) techniques to mitigate fading effects and eavesdropping risks. Analytical expressions for the Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) at both the destination D and the eavesdropper E are derived, along with the Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of these SNRs under block Rayleigh fading conditions. Furthermore, an exact analytical formulation for Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) is presented, quantifying the probability of information leakage under various system configurations. The proposed model is validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, which confirm the accuracy of the mathematical analysis of SOP. Based on simulation results, the impact of key system parameters—such as energy harvesting efficiency η, time-switching protocol parameter α, the number of antennas M at the destination node, and the number of beacon nodes N—on SOP is analyzed. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing secure and energy-efficient communication in wireless networks.
This paper analyzes the secure outage performance of a power beacon (PB)-assisted wireless network employing short packet communication. We consider a system where an EH transmitter communicates with a legitimate receiver under the threat of multiple eavesdroppers. We derive closed-form expressions for key secrecy metrics: the probability of nonzero secrecy capacity (PNSC), intercept probability, and secure outage probability (SOP) over Nakagami-mmmfading channels. Our analysis delineates the joint impact of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), fading severity, channel parameters, the number of eavesdroppers, and additionally demonstrates how energy conversion efficiency of the harvesting circuit influences secrecy behavior in practice. The analytical findings are further validated through Monte-Carlo simulations, which confirm the accuracy of the derived expressions. The findings demonstrate that strategic system design, particularly strengthening the main channel in a proper way, improving harvesting duration, and ensuring efficient energy conversion, can effectively mitigate eavesdropping risks and ensure confidentiality. This work provides critical aspects for securing future energy constrained Internet of Things (IoT) networks where short packets and robust data privacy are essential.
In this paper, we addressed improving the physical layer security (PLS) of an energy harvest- ing (EH)-based wireless network composed of a source node, which is operated by the harvested energy from the power beacon and sends secure information to a destination in the presence of an eavesdropper and a cooperative jammer (CJ). In particular, we provided an explicit transmit design for minimizing the secrecy outage probability (SOP), subject to a minimum secrecy rate constraint. The results show that support from a friendly jammer can significantly improve the reliabil- ity and security performance of the system. Addition- ally, we described the effects of particular factors on the optimal possible temporal distribution between informa- tion transmission and energy harvesting. As a result, when considering the SOP, we concluded that there ex- ists an optimal value of the time switching factor for the system to function well. The analytical formulas were verified by Monte Carlo simulation.
This paper investigates secure transmission in a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) with an energy harvesting (EH) source configured with multiple antennas. In the WPCN, the EH source harvests energy from the radio frequency (RF) signals broadcasted by a power beacon (PB), and purely relies on the harvested energy to communicate with the destination in the presence of passive eavesdroppers. It is noteworthy that the RF-EH source is equipped with a finite energy storage to accumulate the harvested energy for the future usage. Moreover, due to energy-constraint and complexity- limitation, the multi-antenna source is only configured with a single RF-chain. To enhance the security for the WPCN, we propose two adaptive transmission schemes, i.e., energy-aware transmit antenna selection (EATAS) and energy-aware differential spatial modulation (EADSM). According to the energy status and the channel quality, the source adaptively decides whether to transmit confidential information or harvest RF energy. To evaluate the secrecy performance of the proposed schemes, we first study the evolution of the energy storage, and then derive the analytical expressions of connection outage probability (COP), secrecy outage probability (SOP) and efficient secrecy throughput (EST). Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes, i.e., time-switching based TAS (TS-TAS) and accumulate-then-transmit (ATT). And, increasing the transmit power of the PB or the capacity of the source's energy storage is helpful to improve the secrecy performance. Moreover, there exists an optimal transmission rate for each proposed scheme to achieve best secrecy performance.
This paper investigates secure communications of energy harvesting untrusted relay networks, where the destination assists jamming signal to prevent the untrusted relay from eavesdropping and to improve the forwarding ability of the energy constrained relay. Firstly, the source and the destination transmit the signals to the relay with maximal ratio transmission (MRT) technique or transmit antenna selection (TAS) technique. Then, the destination utilizes maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique or receive antenna selection (RAS) technique to receive the forwarded information. Therefore, four transmission and reception schemes are considered. For each scheme, the closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the connection outage probability (COP) are derived. Besides, the effective secrecy throughput (EST) metric is analyzed to achieve a good tradeoff between security and reliability. In addition, the asymptotic performance of EST is also considered at the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Finally, simulation results illustrate that: (1) the EST of the system with MRT and MRC scheme are superior to other schemes, however, in the high SNR regime, the EST of the system with MRT scheme is inferior to TAS; and (2) for the source node, there exists an optimal number of antennas to maximize the EST of the proposed schemes.
This paper studies the secrecy performance of an energy-harvesting relaying system in the presence of a dualuse source node and an eavesdropper.Specifically, the source has dual roles in the dual-hop communication: 1) to transmit confidential information in the first hop; 2) to generate jamming signal to interfere the eavesdropper in the second hop.Moreover, the multi-antenna relay deploys a power-splitting harvesting scheme to coordinate the information receiving and energy harvesting, and adopts maximal ratio combining technique to process the multiple copies of signals.Considering decode-andforward protocol and transmit antenna selection scheme, we derive an analytical expression for secrecy outage probability, and perform Monte Carlo simulation to validate the analysis.Analytical results show that the SOP performance with the dualuse source node can be effectively improved when the relaydestination channel does not have absolute advantage over the relay-eavesdropper channel.