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Smart Systems Integration Conference and Exhibition (SSI)

Superconducting Flexible Shielded Interconnects For Scalable Quantum Computing

Martijn H. Goedbloed, Elias Meltzer, Jargal Hepp, Carla Morán Guizán, Manish Pandey, Johannes Weber, Daniela Zahn, Maryam Faghih, Rui N. Pereira, Christoph Kutter

Published Apr 8, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The development of large-scale quantum processors requires an increasing number of transmission lines for efficient signal processing. However, the complexity of these systems poses challenges that current commercially available cryogenic cables cannot effectively address. To meet future requirements, a flexible and scalable approach for managing the growing number of connections while ensuring optimal performance is essential.

DOI
10.1109/ssi65953.2025.11107211

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The development of large-scale quantum processors requires an increasing number of transmission lines for efficient signal processing. However, the complexity of these systems poses challenges that current commercially available cryogenic cables cannot effectively address. To meet future requirements, a flexible and scalable approach for managing the growing number of connections while ensuring optimal performance is essential.
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Experiments with superconducting quantum processors have successfully demonstrated the basic functions needed for quantum computation and evidence of utility, albeit without a sizable array of error-corrected qubits. The realization of the full potential of quantum computing centers on achieving large scale fault-tolerant quantum computers. Science, engineering and industry advances are needed to robustly generate, sustain, and efficiently manipulate an exponentially large computational (Hilbert) space as well as supply the number and quality components needed for such a scaled system. In this article, we suggest critical areas of quantum system and ecosystem development, with respect to the handling and transmission of quantum information within and out of a cryogenic environment, that would accelerate the development of quantum computers based on superconducting circuits.
Advancements in microwave interconnect and integration technologies are necessary to realize large-scale superconducting quantum and cryogenic systems. Thermal and volume limitations of cryogenic systems for scalable superconducting quantum information processing systems require new approaches for microwave signal interconnects, including high microwave performance and low thermal leakage flexible cables and associated cable-to-cable connectors, among other microwave components. Recent advances, performance and challenges for these technologies are discussed.
Superconductive electronics based on Josephson junctions (JJ) is a promising cryogenic alternative technology to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for ultra-low energy, high speed stationary applications. For complex superconductive systems, the automated routing process determines the topology and methodology to connect cells while satisfying design constraints. On-chip signal routing has become an issue of growing importance in modern superconductive technologies; particularly, single flux quantum (SFQ) systems. Specialized routing methods for these systems are required. These routing methods include passive transmission lines (PTLs) and Josephson transmission lines (JTLs) behaving as interconnects. A primary issue within a long SFQ interconnect is the effects of resonance due to the imperfect match between the PTLs and Josephson junctions. A repeater insertion methodology to reduce and manage these resonance effects is required for driving long and short interconnect in VLSI complexity SFQ systems. Permissible interconnect lengths are suggested to ensure the reflections do not affect the returning signals. The microwave behavior of the interconnect striplines is also considered to accurately estimate the surface inductance of the lines. A closed-form expression describing the dependence of the surface inductance of a stripline on the line thickness, magnetic field, and current density is discussed. Another primary issue within SFQ circuits is coupling noise between transmission striplines, degrading performance and decreasing margins. Inductive and capacitive coupling noise between the routing layers, for the MIT LL SFQ5ee process, is described. An analysis of inductive and capacitive coupling noise can determine the minimum physical spacing between lines to enhance the automated routing process in large scale systems. The increasing complexity of modern SFQ circuits has also made the issue of flux trapping of growing importance. The use of wide striplines for signal routing has exacerbated this issue. Trapped residual magnetic fields within the striplines damage the operability of superconductive circuits. Area efficient topologies for striplines are introduced to manage flux trapping in large scale SFQ circuits. These topologies are composed of several narrow lines rather than a single wide stripline. The first approach is a narrow parallel line topology in series with small resistors where each narrow line is connected to a single small resistor and via. The resistors in the parallel line topology remove any trapped fluxons and break any loops while requiring additional vias. The second topology is a fingered narrow line topology. The fingered narrow line topology enhances the scalability of SFQ systems while not requiring additional area and vias. These proposed topologies require significantly less area while preventing flux from being trapped within wide superconductive striplines and reducing coupling noise between striplines. These methodologies and techniques are intended as guidelines to enable robust routing with superconductive interconnects. With these and other advances in design methodologies for superconductive electronics, the complexity of SFQ circuits is expected to greatly increase.