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Laser Physics Letters

Novel quantum private comparison with GHZ states and Hadamard operations

Shen Rao, Zhi-Gang Gan

Published Jul 30, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, a novel quantum private comparison (QPC) of equality is proposed based on GHZ states and Hadamard operations, which transmits the travelling qubits in a one-way manner. The output correctness of this QPC protocol is proven in detail. This QPC protocol possesses the good security towards the external attacks and the internal attacks. This QPC protocol needs none of Pauli operations, rotation operations, quantum entangled state measurements, quantum entanglement swapping, classical error-correcting code or a pre-shared key.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/adf3a0

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Abstract In this paper, a novel quantum private comparison (QPC) of equality is proposed based on GHZ states and Hadamard operations, which transmits the travelling qubits in a one-way manner. The output correctness of this QPC protocol is proven in detail. This QPC protocol possesses the good security towards the external attacks and the internal attacks. This QPC protocol needs none of Pauli operations, rotation operations, quantum entangled state measurements, quantum entanglement swapping, classical error-correcting code or a pre-shared key.
Quantum private comparison (QPC) is a fundamental cryptographic protocol that allows two parties to compare the equality of their private inputs without revealing any information about those inputs to each other. In recent years, QPC protocols utilizing various quantum resources have been proposed. However, these QPC protocols have lower utilization of quantum resources and qubit efficiency. To address this issue, we propose an efficient QPC protocol based on GHZ states, which leverages the unique properties of GHZ states and rotation operations to achieve secure and efficient private comparison. The secret information is encoded in the rotation angles of rotation operations performed on the received quantum sequence transmitted along the circular mode. This results in the multiplexing of quantum resources and enhances the utilization of quantum resources. Our protocol does not require quantum key distribution (QKD) for sharing a secret key to ensure the security of the inputs, resulting in no consumption of quantum resources for key sharing. One GHZ state can be compared to three bits of classical information in each comparison, leading to qubit efficiency reaching 100%. Compared with the existing QPC protocol, our protocol does not require quantum resources for sharing a secret key. It also demonstrates enhanced performance in qubit efficiency and the utilization of quantum resources.
In this paper, an efficient quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol based on GHZ-type states is proposed. Two participants can compare the equality of two classical bits in each comparison, which could greatly reduce comparison times and increase efficiency. A semi-honest third-party (TP) is involved in assisting the participants to compare their secrets. TP may misbehave on her own, but she is not allowed to conspire with any participants. Besides, the proposed protocol needs Hadamard operation as well as single-particle measurements and Bell measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies. Finally, the analysis shows the proposed protocol is correct and it can resist various attacks including outside attacks and dishonest participant attacks.
Abstract Using the highly entangled six-qubit genuine state we present a quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol, which enables two users to compare the equality of two bits of their secrets in every round comparison with the assistance of a semi-honest third party (TP). The proposed protocol needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping technology, both of which may consume expensive quantum devices. Single particle measurements and Bell-basis measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies, are employed by two users and TP in the proposed protocol, respectively. The proposed protocol can withstand all kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks. Moreover, none of information about the two users' private secrets and the comparison result is leaked out to TP.
Quantum private comparison (QPC) allows at least two users to compare the equality of their secret information, for which the security is based on the properties of quantum mechanics. To improve the use of quantum resources and the efficiency of private comparison, a new QPC protocol based on GHZ-like states is proposed. The protocol adopts unitary operations to encode the secret information instead of performing quantum key distribution (QKD), which can reduce the amount of computation required to perform QKD and improve the utilization of quantum resources. The decoy photon technique used to detect channel eavesdropping ensures that the protocol is resistant to external attacks. The quantum efficiency of the protocol reaches 66%. Compared with many previous QPC schemes, the proposed protocol does not need to share a key and has advantages in quantum efficiency and quantum resources.
Using the highly entangled six-qubit genuine state we present a quantum private comparison(QPC)protocol, which enables two users to compare the equality of two bits of their secrets in every round comparison with the assistance of a semi-honest third party(TP). The proposed protocol needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping technology, both of which may consume expensive quantum devices. Single particle measurements and Bell-basis measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies, are employed by two users and TP in the proposed protocol, respectively. The proposed protocol can withstand all kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks. Moreover, none of information about the two users’ private secrets and the comparison result is leaked out to TP.
A new quantum private comparison(QPC) protocol using Bell states and Bell entanglement swapping was proposed and analyzed.In the proposed protocol,Bell states were used as the quantum resources,and further Bell measurements and entanglement swapping were performed as the main operations for dealing with the private comparison of equal information without revealing their information content.The third part(TP) prepares Bell states and decoy photons,then inserts the decoy photons to sequences which he want to send to users for security.Users don't need to carry out any local unitary operations and only need to perform Bell measurements,then they send their sequences after coding their private information respectively.TP can achieve the comparison of two bits of classical information by simple calculation.Finally,TP announced the result of the comparison.In addition,the correctness and security of our protocol were discussed.