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International Conference on Information Optics and Optoelectronics Technology (CIOT)

Amplitude-phase retrieval attack-free asymmetric cryptosystem based on equal modulus decomposition

Guanqi Su, Zhi Zhong

Published Jun 26, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Amplitude-phase retrieval attack (APRA) imposes serious threat upon the asymmetric security system cryptosystems based on equal modulus decomposition (EMD). To resolve that security threat, an APRA free asymmetric cryptosystem based on EMD is proposed by using one random amplitude mask AM and one random phase mask PM, where AM is treated as the private key and PM is treated as the public key. First, AM and PM are input into an optical interference architecture to generate two phase masks. Then, encrypting the plaintext results in one complex-valued cyphertext via EMD with the two-phase masks generated in the first step. This proposed cryptosystem is asymmetric, in which the encryption process is conducted digitally without iteration computation and the decryption procedure are simply accomplished using digital or optical methods. Moreover, constraints are decreased so that APRA does not work for this cryptosystem. Results of the simulation are displayed to verify the suggested cryptosystem's security and feasibility.

DOI
10.1117/12.3060723

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Amplitude-phase retrieval attack (APRA) imposes serious threat upon the asymmetric security system cryptosystems based on equal modulus decomposition (EMD). To resolve that security threat, an APRA free asymmetric cryptosystem based on EMD is proposed by using one random amplitude mask AM and one random phase mask PM, where AM is treated as the private key and PM is treated as the public key. First, AM and PM are input into an optical interference architecture to generate two phase masks. Then, encrypting the plaintext results in one complex-valued cyphertext via EMD with the two-phase masks generated in the first step. This proposed cryptosystem is asymmetric, in which the encryption process is conducted digitally without iteration computation and the decryption procedure are simply accomplished using digital or optical methods. Moreover, constraints are decreased so that APRA does not work for this cryptosystem. Results of the simulation are displayed to verify the suggested cryptosystem's security and feasibility.
We propose an asymmetric optical image encryption scheme with silhouette removal by using interference and equal modulus decomposition (EMD). Plaintext is first separated into two complex value masks with the same modulus using EMD in the Fresnel transform domain. The two masks are encoded into four phase-only masks (POMs), two of which are treated as ciphertexts and other two as plaintext-dependent private keys by using the inverse Fresnel transform with different diffraction distances and interference-based encryption. Any information about the plaintext, including its silhouette, cannot be retrieved using one, two, or even three of the four POMs. Our scheme also avoids the constraint of the same modulus in EMD and eliminates the vulnerability against the iterative amplitude-phase attack and advanced iterative amplitude-phase attack. Numerical simulations were used to verify the validity and security of our proposed method.
Abstract The equal modulus decomposition (EMD) is a novel asymmetric cryptosystem based on coherent superposition which was proposed to resist the specific attack. In a subsequent work, the scheme was shown to be vulnerable to specific attack. In this paper, we counter the vulnerability through an encoding technique which uses multiple diffraction intensity pattern recordings as the input to the EMD setup in the gyrator domain. This allows suppression of the random phase mask in the EMD path. As a result, the proposed scheme achieves resistance to specific attack. The simulation results and the security analysis demonstrate that EMD based on multiple intensity pattern recording is an effective optical asymmetric cryptosystem suitable for securing data and images.
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A novel asymmetric cryptosystem based on coherent superposition, which is free from silhouette problem, is proposed. Being different from the phase-truncated Fourier transform-based cryptosystem, the encryption process uses equal modulus decomposition (EMD) to create an effective trapdoor one-way function. As a result, the proposed method achieves high robustness against the special attack based on iterative Fourier transform. Simulation results are presented to prove the validity of the proposed system.
In this paper, we propose an asymmetric double-image encryption via wavelength multiplexing. First, a novel iterative phase retrieval algorithm, to the best of our knowledge, is developed to encode two images into one complex-valued function via wavelength multiplexing. Then, the function is encoded by equal modulus decomposition (EMD). This cryptosystem not only retains the advantages of EMD but also reduces the number of public keys so as to enhance the resistance to the amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm (APRA). In the decryption, two high-quality decrypted images can be obtained with their corresponding wavelengths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that wavelength multiplexing is used to achieve high-quality two-image encryption and decryption. Numerical simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of this new method.
This paper offers a security analysis of an optical image cryptosystem that integrates interference and unequal modulus decomposition (EMD). In contrast to the conventional interference-based cryptosystem, which utilizes a single phase-only mask (POM) derived from the encryption process as the private key, the enhanced cryptosystem employs two random phase masks (RPMs) and two POMs derived from the phase-reserved (PR) structure as private keys. This modification addresses the silhouette problem inherent in the conventional interference-based cryptosystem by expanding the key space, thereby enhancing security strength. However, it is determined that the RPM R 2 ( u , v ) and the POM P 2 ( x , y ) exhibited low key sensitivity, thereby limiting their impact on the security enhancement. Additionally, due to the independence from the plaintext, the RPMs employed as private keys can be recovered using a designed known-plaintext attack (KPA). Once the RPMs are recovered, the number of unknown keys is reduced to two. This enables the recovery of plaintext information from its ciphertexts via a subsequent ciphertext-only attack (COA) without any prior knowledge of the POMs. In light of these findings, a novel hybrid attack strategy, to our knowledge, is proposed, integrating four cascaded KPAs and a COA, to effectively compromise the advanced interference and EMD-based cryptosystem. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid attack, numerical simulations have been conducted.