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Physics Essays

Quantum entanglement of photons explained by a superluminal influence

Olivier Pignard

Published Jun 17, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Bell's inequalities established in 1964 and the experiments carried out by Alain Aspect in 1982 on entangled photons [Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 (1982) and Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982)] made it possible to refute all theories with local hidden variables and to confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics. This article has several objectives: to show that if quantum mechanics is correct, then there is a superluminal influence between entangled photons; to propose an explanation and a possible mechanism of this superluminal influence by the gravitons field of the dynamic medium of reference theory; to propose an experiment allowing a superluminal transmission of information; and to propose an expression of the superluminal speed of gravitons and a link with vacuum energy and dark energy by a new law of physics: E vacuum /E dark ≈ V2Gravitons/c2/ ≈ (D Univers/c.t Planck)2.

DOI
10.4006/0836-1398-38.2.98

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Bell's inequalities established in 1964 and the experiments carried out by Alain Aspect in 1982 on entangled photons [Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 (1982) and Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982)] made it possible to refute all theories with local hidden variables and to confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics. This article has several objectives: to show that if quantum mechanics is correct, then there is a superluminal influence between entangled photons; to propose an explanation and a possible mechanism of this superluminal influence by the gravitons field of the dynamic medium of reference theory; to propose an experiment allowing a superluminal transmission of information; and to propose an expression of the superluminal speed of gravitons and a link with vacuum energy and dark energy by a new law of physics: E vacuum /E dark ≈ V2Gravitons/c2/ ≈ (D Univers/c.t Planck)2.
As shown in the famous EPR paper (Einstein, Podolsky e Rosen, 1935), Quantum Mechanics is non-local. The Bell theorem and the experiments by Aspect and many others, ruled out the possibility of explaining quantum correlations between entangled particles using local hidden variables models (except for implausible combinations of loopholes). Some authors (Bell, Eberhard, Bohm and Hiley) suggested that quantum correlations could be due to superluminal communications (tachyons) that propagate isotropically with velocity v t > c in a preferred reference frame. For finite values of v t , Quantum Mechanics and superluminal models lead to different predictions. Some years ago a Geneva group and our group did experiments on entangled photons to evidence possible discrepancies between experimental results and quantum predictions. Since no discrepancy was found, these experiments established only lower bounds for the possible tachyon velocities v t . Here we propose an improved experiment that should lead us to explore a much larger range of possible tachyon velocities V t for any possible direction of velocity of the tachyons preferred frame.
Quantum entanglement is an essential principle in quantum mechanics, illustrating the relationship between two or more spatially separated particles.This correlation has been experimentally proven through various techniques, including the entangled photon experiment. Furthermore, the breach of Bell's inequality has confirmed that entanglement represents a genuine physical occurrence, which cannot be accounted for by local hidden variables, thus highlighting the peculiar characteristics of quantum mechanics. This article aims to introduce quantum entanglement and Bell's inequality, and to discuss the experiments conducted by Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger, which paved the way for the development of quantum information science. Additionally, this paper will explore the potential applications of quantum technology in communication, cryptography, and computing, which rely on the exceptional properties of entanglement.
As shown in the EPR paper (Einstein, Podolsky e Rosen, 1935), Quantum Mechanics is a non-local Theory. The Bell theorem and the successive experiments ruled out the possibility of explaining quantum correlations using only local hidden variables models. Some authors suggested that quantum correlations could be due to superluminal communications that propagate isotropically with velocity v t > c in a preferred reference frame. For finite values of v t and in some special cases, Quantum Mechanics and superluminal models lead to different predictions. So far, no deviations from the predictions of Quantum Mechanics have been detected and only lower bounds for the superluminal velocities v t have been established. Here we describe a new experiment that increases the maximum detectable superluminal velocities and we give some preliminary results.
While particles cannot travel faster than the speed of light, nor can information, this assumption has over the years been frequently questioned. Most recently, it has been argued [New J. Phys. 22, 033038 (2020)] that in a world with superluminal observers local determinism is impossible, linking the two pillars of physics-quantum theory and relativity-suggesting that the latter serves as the foundation for the former. Motivated by this approach, in this work, we extend the framework of quantum reference frames to incorporate superluminal Lorentz transformations. We apply this conceptual result to examine an apparent paradox where particles acquire negative energies after undergoing a superluminal Lorentz boost and propose a resolution within our framework. We also discuss Bell experiments under superluminal quantum reference frame transformations, showing that involved probabilities remain conserved.
Abstract Particles cannot travel faster than the speed of light, nor can information. Nonetheless, this assumption has been frequently questioned over the years. This includes radical proposals like tachyons that can be observed in particle accelerators to more subtle ideas like studying superluminal causation to find classical explanations for quantum correlations. Most recently, it has been argued (Dragan and Ekert 2020 New J. Phys. 22 033038) that in a world with superluminal observers local determinism is impossible, linking the two pillars of physics-quantum theory and relativity-suggesting that the latter serves as the foundation for the former. Motivated by this approach, in this work, we extend the framework of quantum reference frames to incorporate superluminal Lorentz transformations. We apply this conceptual result to examine an apparent paradox where particles acquire negative energies after undergoing a superluminal Lorentz boost and propose a resolution within our framework. A consequence of this resolution is that different observers no longer agree whether a particle is incoming or outgoing or in a superposition of the two. We further find a similar apparent paradox for the entropy and/or temperature under superluminal Lorentz boosts and resolve it in an analogous fashion. Finally, we discuss Bell experiments under superluminal quantum reference frame transformations, showing that the involved probabilities still remain conserved. By applying the toolbox of quantum reference frames, we start charting an unexplored territory of superpositions between sub-and-superluminal quantum observers which gives rise to new conceptual questions.
It is true that the superluminal dark photons responsible for quantum entanglement mimic the electromagnetic interactions but they cannot be detected directly i.e. they are dark. The dark matter is entangled with visible matter due to the superluminal dark photons carried by the superluminal entanglons the luminal Einstein-spacetime components consist of. Information can be sent with superluminal speed between entangled particles but appearing entanglement is created when luminal particles are very close one from another - it leads to conclusion that we cannot send information with superluminal speed because at first we must separate the entangled luminal particles. But when such separation is made then superluminal information is possible - it leads to the superluminal entanglement in quantum physics. Arrangements of the entangled Einstein-spacetime components in the physical matter and mental matter are different. For example, the unitary spins of the Einstein-spacetime components on a torus/electric-charge are perpendicular to surface of the torus whereas the unitary spins of the Einstein-spacetime components in the loops the thoughts consist of are tangent to the loops. It causes that the mental matter is flexible (the mental solitons are flexible) whereas the physical matter is rigid i.e. the bare particles are rigid.