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Asia Conference on Cognitive Engineering and Intelligent Interaction (CEII)

Theory of Neural Synapse from Quantum Amplitudes and Conditional Probabilities

Huber Nieto–Chaupis

Published Dec 14, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

If neural synapse is a probabilistic event, then one would expect that this is the result of a chain of subprocesses that takes place in axon. Thus, one can adjudicate probabilistic quantities to each one of event previous to the releasing of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. Indeed, one can argue that electrical interactions are responsible of neurotransmitters dynamics before them pass to cleft. Because this, the present paper has employed the formalism of quantum probabilities. Thus, quantum mechanics would apply to describe the entire process of synapse. Finally, it was associated a set of conditional probabilities that would led to state that neural synapse is a kind of conjunction of quantum events and conditional probabilities. Finally, probabilities are estimated exhibiting a logic agreement to common knowledge of synapse.

DOI
10.1109/ceii65291.2024.00014

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If neural synapse is a probabilistic event, then one would expect that this is the result of a chain of subprocesses that takes place in axon. Thus, one can adjudicate probabilistic quantities to each one of event previous to the releasing of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. Indeed, one can argue that electrical interactions are responsible of neurotransmitters dynamics before them pass to cleft. Because this, the present paper has employed the formalism of quantum probabilities. Thus, quantum mechanics would apply to describe the entire process of synapse. Finally, it was associated a set of conditional probabilities that would led to state that neural synapse is a kind of conjunction of quantum events and conditional probabilities. Finally, probabilities are estimated exhibiting a logic agreement to common knowledge of synapse.
The process of synaptic transmission is projected onto the territory of quantum mechanics. Thus, the electric interactions are seen as probabilistic events more than a deterministic one. In this manner, the neurotransmitter would obey quantum laws and their dynamics is governed by the evolution operator. Thus, synapse seen as an action of propagation would encompasses well to that the spatial propagator or Green function that might model the dyanamics of neurotransmitters along the cleft. This turns out to be instantaneous in coherence to the concept of neural transmission. Indeed under the quantum mechnics scenario it is found that the eigenvalues of energies of Hamiltonian consist in electric potentials between electrically charged neurotransmitters and receptors at the ion channels.
A probabilistic model of Synapse is proposed. In concrete, synapse is proposed as a Bayesian probability that requires the quantum probabilities for both: the interaction of Calcium 2+ in axon area, and the releasing of neurotransmitters. In this way, all available interactions that are carry out at axon zone, are dictated by quantum events. Once neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles, their dynamics might be dictated by quantum probabilities based in a Hamiltonian. The diverse scenarios and their respective distribution of probabilities are simulated. From proposed theory, it is suggested that synapse would have a notable dependence on the accumulation of electric charges before and after the pass of neurotransmitters from a neuron to adjacent one. From the results, it is possible to argue that synapse is more than a biological phenomenon, a multidisciplinary event, that emphasizes the importance of transporting of electric charges with a potential dependence on probabilities, more than trivial determinism.
If non-material mental events, such as the intention to carry out an action, are to have an effective action on neural events in the brain, it has to be at the most subtle and plastic level of these events. In the first stage of our enquiry an introduction to conventional synaptic theory leads on to an account of the manner of operation of the ultimate synaptic units. These units are the synaptic boutons that, when excited by an all-or-nothing nerve impulse, deliver the total contents of a single synaptic vesicle, not regularly, but probabilistically. This quantal emission of the synaptic transmitter molecules (about 5000-10 000) is the elementary unit of the transmission process from one neuron to another. In the second stage this refined physiological analysis leads on to an account of the ultrastructure of the synapse, which gives clues as to the manner of its unitary probabilistic operation. The essential feature is that the effective structure of each bouton is a paracrystalline presynaptic vesicular grid with about 50 vesicles, which acts probabilistically in vesicular (quantal) release. In the third stage it is considered how a non-material mental event, such as an intention to move, could influence the subtle probabilistic operations of synaptic boutons. On the biological side, attention is focused on the paracrystalline presynaptic vesicular grids as the targets for non-material mental events. On the physical side, attention is focused on the probabilistic fields of quantum mechanics which carry neither mass nor energy, but which nevertheless can exert effective action at microsites. The new light on the mind-brain problem came from the hypothesis that the non-material mental events, the 'World 2' of Popper, relate to the neural events of the brain (the 'World 1' of matter and energy) by actions in conformity with quantum theory. This hypothesis that mental events act on probabilistic synaptic events in a manner analogous to the probability fields of quantum mechanics seems to open up an immense field of scientific investigation both in quantum physics and in neuroscience.
In this study, we explore the impact of quantum effects on synaptic activity and their implications for the deterministic model of neural processes. By simulating synaptic events in a large-scale neural network, we demonstrate how small probabilistic quantum events can accumulate and introduce variability in neural behavior. Our model incorporates Dirac delta functions to simulate sudden changes in synaptic probabilities, creating a non-linear, seesaw effect in the cumulative synaptic activity curve. The results reveal that even minimal quantum effects, when scaled to the vast number of synapses in the human brain, can lead to significant dissociations in neural activity. These findings challenge the traditional deterministic view, suggesting that neural processes—and by extension, decision-making and movements—may inherently incorporate elements of randomness. This probabilistic perspective aligns with theories of free will and underscores the need for further empirical research to validate the role of quantum mechanics in neuroscience. Our study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the complex interplay between quantum effects and neural dynamics, opening new avenues for exploring the nature of consciousness and the fundamental principles governing reality.
Based on the vesicle hypothesis, the modes of elementary quantum-vesicle interactions have been formulated in terms of probabilities of induced and spontaneous interstate quanta transitions and generalized within the framework of the previously developed theory of the double barrier synapse. Among the three allowed states for a quantum, the transition state is a novel formulation for the fraction of immediately available quanta governed by both vesicle and presynaptic membranes. The parameters of the model were determined by fitting solutions to the experimental curves representing effects of single pulse and short train activation on transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. Qualitative differences in particle physics of transmitter release found under low quantal outputs on one hand and normal transmission on the other allowed the formulation of the uncertainty hypothesis and the quantum condition of synaptic homeostasis.
Inspired on the idea of Mathew P. A. Fisher about the possibility that quantum mechanics is playing some basic roles on the biochemical processes in the brain, this paper has opted by develop a theory based on the description of neurogenesis by using the formalism and concepts of quantum mechanics. To accomplish this, it is assumed that each one of the main steps towards to the formation of neuron is done in a probabilistic manner, so that the probability amplitude is calculated. Concretely, the main steps: proliferation, migration and differentiation are expressed in terms of amplitudes. Also, the evolution operator depends only on electrical interactions fom the fact of abundance of ions so that attractive or repulsion forces might be crucial to the completion of subprocesses previous to maturation of neuron. Based on the quantum mechanics probabilities simulations are presented and discussed.