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IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)

Closed-Loop Atomic Interferometric Inertial Sensor for Dynamic Measurement

Weichen Jia, Peiqiang Yan, Ascar Shen, Yanying Feng

Published May 4, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents progress toward a closed-loop atomic interferometric inertial sensor. We propose a method for independent closed-loop feedback control of atomic interfero-metric phase shifts induced by acceleration and angular velocity through precise manipulation of Raman lasers' two-photon frequency detunings. By employing counter-propagating continuous atomic beams and a dual-loop control scheme, we demonstrate stable operation and rapid re-locking following perturbations. Our approach represents a significant step toward the practical deployment of atomic interferometric inertial sensors in dynamic environments.

DOI
10.1109/inertial63280.2025.11037051

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This paper presents progress toward a closed-loop atomic interferometric inertial sensor. We propose a method for independent closed-loop feedback control of atomic interfero-metric phase shifts induced by acceleration and angular velocity through precise manipulation of Raman lasers' two-photon frequency detunings. By employing counter-propagating continuous atomic beams and a dual-loop control scheme, we demonstrate stable operation and rapid re-locking following perturbations. Our approach represents a significant step toward the practical deployment of atomic interferometric inertial sensors in dynamic environments.
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We demonstrate a closed-loop light-pulse atom-interferometer inertial sensor that can realize continuous decoupled measurements of acceleration and rotation rate. The sensor operates with double-loop atom interferometers, which share the same Raman light pulses in a spatially separated Mach-Zehnder configuration and use continuous cold atomic beams propagating in opposite directions from two 2D+{\text{2D}}^{+}2D+ magneto-optical trappings. Acceleration and the rotation rate are decoupled and simultaneously measured by the sum and difference of dual-atom-interferometer signals, respectively. The sensitivities of inertial measurements are also increased to be approximately 1.86 times higher than that of a single atom interferometer. The acceleration phase shift is compensated in real time by phase locking these interferometers via the Raman laser phases from the sum-interferometer signal, and the gyroscope performance is improved. We achieve long-term stabilities of $6.1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\text{g}$ and 840 nrad/s for the acceleration and the rotation rate, respectively, using a short interrogation time of 0.87 ms (interference area A=0.097mm2A=0.097\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{mm}}^{2}A=0.097mm2). This work provides a building block for an atomic interferometer-based inertial measurement unit for use in field applications that require a high data rate and high stability.
We present a theoretical proposal and simulation study of a digital closed-loop thermal atomic-beam interferometer for inertial navigation applications. The scheme synchronizes phase biasing with momentum-kick reversal through the atomic transit time, extracting four interferometric phases to suppress Raman beam path-length errors, while two-photon detuning feedback maintains a pseudo-inertial frame and eliminates cross-coupling. The interferometer enables simultaneous measurements of acceleration and rotation based on an absolute, atom-interferometric reference, with high bandwidth and a wide dynamic range. Numerical simulations verify that acceleration and angular velocity can be measured simultaneously and independently in real time without cross-coupling, demonstrating the absolute, decoupled nature of the proposed measurement scheme. We further evaluate the noise-limited performance of the sensor and obtain sensitivities of 3μm/s2/Hz3{\rm μm / s^2 / \sqrt{Hz}}3μm/s2/Hz​ (velocity random walk) and 15μdeg/h15{\rm μdeg / \sqrt{h}}15μdeg/h​ (angular random walk) for a 170∘{170}^{\circ}170∘ 85^{85}85Rb beam and an interferometer arm length of 100~mm, surpassing the performance of sensors currently used in state-of-the-art inertial navigation systems.
We present an interferometric inertial sensor that utilizes two counter-propagating atomic beams with transverse two-dimensional cooling. By employing three parallel and spatially aligned Raman laser beams for Doppler-sensitive Raman transitions, we successfully generate inertia-sensitive Mach-Zehnder interference fringes with an interrogation length of 2L = 54 cm. The sensor’s capability to measure rotation and acceleration simultaneously in dynamic environments is validated through comparative analysis with classical sensors under force oscillation in different directions. Additionally, we conduct experiments on a turntable to calibrate the gyroscope’s scaling factor and address nonlinearity. The angular random walk (ARW) and velocity random walk (VRW) of the sensor are 3×10−4 °/√h and 107 μg/√Hz, respectively, with the long-term stability reaching 9 × 10−4 °/h for rotation and 10 μg for acceleration at an integration time of 1000 s.
Abstract In closed-loop dual-atom interferometers, the initial phase shift is a non-inertial phase induced by Raman pulses. This initial optical phase affects the measurements of both acceleration and rotation rate. In this study, we present a method to modulate the initial optical phase of light pulse atom interferometers (LPAIs). Employing this modulation method, we investigated the influence of the initial optical phase on a closed-loop dual-atom interferometer. The results reveal a better short-term sensitivity in the rotation rate measurement at an initial optical phase of 0. Our closed-loop dual-atom interferometer allows for decoupled measurements of rotation rate and acceleration. With a short interrogation time of 2T = 1.73 ms, the short-term sensitivities of the rotation rate and acceleration measurements are 2.73 × 10 − 5 ( rad / s ) / Hz and 272 μ g / Hz , respectively.
Atom-interferometer-based gyroscopes are expected to have a wide range of applications due to their high sensitivity; however, their dynamic range is limited by dephasing from the velocity-dependent Sagnac phase shift and the longitudinal velocity distribution of the atoms, restricting measurements of large angular velocities. In this study, we present a method for restoring the contrast deterioration in angular velocity measurements with interferometer gyroscopes using atomic beams. We show that by introducing a pseudorotation effect with appropriate two-photon detunings for Raman light in the interferometer, it is possible to effectively cancel the Sagnac phase shift for all atoms in the velocity distribution of the beam. Consequently, the contrast is unaffected by the rotation. Furthermore, we apply this method to an interferometer gyroscope with counterpropagating atomic beams sharing the same Raman light. It is found that the angular velocity of the system can be estimated through the detuning point where the phase difference between the two interferometers is zero. This approach ensures that the scale factor of the atom interferometer gyroscope is independent of the change in the longitudinal velocity distribution of the atomic beam. We demonstrate our technique using an interferometer gyroscope with thermal atomic beams of rubidium-87, achieving a measurement of angular velocity of $1.0{\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/\mathrm{s}$ even with an acceleration of 0.68m/s20.68\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}0.68m/s2 on a three-axis rotation table. This simple and robust dispersion-compensation method with Raman-light detuning will benefit dynamic angular velocity measurements in field applications such as the inertial navigation of vehicles.