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Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

Quantum mechanical approach to pricing multi-asset path-dependent options

Dániel Léber

Published Jun 19, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.physa.2025.130644

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Multi-asset option pricing under local- and stochastic-volatility models leads naturally to high-dimensional parabolic PDEs. We develop an end-to-end quantum PDE framework for European option pricing under local-volatility Black--Scholes and Heston models. The framework takes classical contract and model data as input and returns classical estimates of selected option values. We solve the pricing PDEs after finite-difference discretization on spatial grids. For N=2nN=2^nN=2n grid points per spatial direction and ddd assets, the end-to-end gate complexity for single-point recovery, counted in elementary CNOT gates and one-qubit Pauli-axis rotations, has leading grid-size dependence O~(d2N2+d/2)\widetilde{O}(d^2 N^{2+d/2})O(d2N2+d/2) for local-volatility Black--Scholes and O~(d2Nd+2)\widetilde{O}(d^2 N^{d+2})O(d2Nd+2) for Heston. Relative to grid-based finite-difference baselines, these scalings correspond to polynomial improvement factors Nd/2N^{d/2}Nd/2 and NdN^dNd, respectively. These estimates translate to Clifford+T resources via standard compilation. We complement the complexity analysis with numerical benchmarks against standard classical methods. In the Heston setting, the framework recovers option prices across strikes together with the associated implied-volatility smile/skew. Overall, this work provides a complete end-to-end quantum pricing pipeline with explicit resource accounting and theoretical performance guarantees.
We present a methodology to price options and portfolios of options on a gate-based quantum computer using amplitude estimation, an algorithm which provides a quadratic speedup compared to classical Monte Carlo methods. The options that we cover include vanilla options, multi-asset options and path-dependent options such as barrier options. We put an emphasis on the implementation of the quantum circuits required to build the input states and operators needed by amplitude estimation to price the different option types. Additionally, we show simulation results to highlight how the circuits that we implement price the different option contracts. Finally, we examine the performance of option pricing circuits on quantum hardware using the IBM Q Tokyo quantum device. We employ a simple, yet effective, error mitigation scheme that allows us to significantly reduce the errors arising from noisy two-qubit gates.