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Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue

A two-party semiquantum simultaneous mutual identity authentication protocol based on four-particle cluster states

Zheng Wang, Xia Li, Tian-Yu Ye

Published Jun 17, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

本文提出了一种新颖的基于四粒子团簇态的两方半量子同时身份互认证协议，使得两个半量子参与者在半忠诚第三方（Third Party, TP）的帮助下实现双方身份的同时互认证。该协议所采用的四粒子团簇态可通过对四个初态都为 的粒子施加一系列的Hadamard门和控制非门来制备。 该协议不需要延迟线、量子纠缠交换以及量子隐形传态，只需要两个半量子参与者执行Z基测量和制备处于Z基的粒子。该协议被证实能抵御来自外部窃听者的假冒攻击、截获-重发攻击、测量-重发攻击、特洛伊木马攻击、纠缠-测量攻击和TP的内部攻击。在IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真证实了该协议的正确性。

DOI
10.1360/sspma-2025-0196

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本文提出了一种新颖的基于四粒子团簇态的两方半量子同时身份互认证协议，使得两个半量子参与者在半忠诚第三方（Third Party, TP）的帮助下实现双方身份的同时互认证。该协议所采用的四粒子团簇态可通过对四个初态都为 的粒子施加一系列的Hadamard门和控制非门来制备。 该协议不需要延迟线、量子纠缠交换以及量子隐形传态，只需要两个半量子参与者执行Z基测量和制备处于Z基的粒子。该协议被证实能抵御来自外部窃听者的假冒攻击、截获-重发攻击、测量-重发攻击、特洛伊木马攻击、纠缠-测量攻击和TP的内部攻击。在IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真证实了该协议的正确性。
In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol of the size relationship based on d-level single-particle states. This protocol can compare the size relationship of different privacy messages from two classical users with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP), who is permitted to misbehave on her own, but cannot be in collusion with anyone else. The correctness analysis shows that this protocol can gain correct comparison results. The security analysis results reveal that this protocol can resist some famous outside attacks and participant attacks. This protocol only adopts d-level single-particle states as the initial quantum resource, only requires the TP to perform d-level single-particle measurements, and makes the accurate comparison results inaccessible to the TP. Compared with the only existing SQPC protocol of size relationship (Quantum Inf. Process. 20, 124 (2021)), the proposed protocol has advantages in experimental preparation of initial quantum resource, TP’s experimental measurements, and TP’s knowledge about the comparison results.
本文提出一种新颖的基于圆上双向量子游走的多方认证量子密钥协商协议，使得N个用户经过相互身份认证后在一个半忠诚第三方的协助下能平等地协商出最终的共享密钥。在该协议中，用户利用双向演化算子对初始量子游走态进行加密并通过诱骗粒子对其他用户进行身份认证，然后其他用户利用全局移动算子对收到的量子态编码自己的私钥。理论上的输出正确性分析和IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真都证实了该协议的输出正确性。该协议仅采用两粒子乘积态而非量子纠缠态作为初始量子资源，且仅需要酉操作和单粒子测量。该协议被证实具备信息论安全性，能抵抗Eve发起的外在攻击，且能抵抗N-1个不忠诚用户发起的共谋攻击。
As an important branch of secure multi-party computation, privacy set intersection enables multiple parties to input their private sets and jointly compute the intersection of these sets without revealing any information other than the intersection itself. With the increasing demand for privacy protection of user data, privacy set intersection has been widely used in privacy computing and other fields. In this paper, we utilize the properties of mutually unbiased bases to propose a multi-party quantum private set intersection protocol that incorporates identity authentication mechanisms. A semi-honest third party (TP) is introduced to facilitate the secure execution of this task among the multiple participating parties. The TP establishes a shared master key with each party, which serves as the basis for authenticating the identity of each participant throughout the protocol. Single-particle quantum states, prepared by the TP, act as the information carriers and are sequentially transmitted among the participating parties. Each party performs a local unitary operation on the circulating particle, thereby encoding their private data within the quantum state. At the end of the protocol, the TP announces his measurement result, by which all participants can concurrently ascertain the intersection of their private data sets. Notably, the proposed protocol eliminates the need for long-term storage of single-particle quantum states, thereby rendering it feasible with existing quantum technological capabilities. Furthermore, a comprehensive security analysis demonstrates that the protocol effectively resists some common external and internal attacks, thereby ensuring its theoretical security.
控制的量安全直接通讯和认证协议与量被建议一次性的垫基于五粒子的簇状态。处于各五粒子的簇状态的光子 4 作为允许被送到控制器。单一的操作我根据接收装置的身份绳的光子 4 上的(U) 被用来禁止控制器推出秘密消息。用作 one-time-pad 的古典 XOR 操作被用来禁止外部偷听者偷听。偷听的察觉和身份认证被以前分享的可重用的基础身份绳实现。在一传播，各五粒子的簇状态的一 qubit 被用作控制器允许，并且二 qubits 被用来播送二个古典小点信息。
In this paper, we adopt \c{hi}-type states to design a novel circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semi-honest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The travelling particles go from TP to Alice, Alice to Bob and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. The proposed SQPC protocol has no demand for unitary operations. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages more or less:(1)it requires no pre-shared key among different participants; (2)it doesn't need quantum entanglement swapping; and(3)it employs no delay lines.