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Scientia Sinica Informationis

Multiparty quantum key agreement with identity authentication based on two-direction quantum walks on a circle

Zheng Wang, Jintao Wang, Xia Li, TianYu YE

Published Apr 30, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

本文提出一种新颖的基于圆上双向量子游走的多方认证量子密钥协商协议，使得N个用户经过相互身份认证后在一个半忠诚第三方的协助下能平等地协商出最终的共享密钥。在该协议中，用户利用双向演化算子对初始量子游走态进行加密并通过诱骗粒子对其他用户进行身份认证，然后其他用户利用全局移动算子对收到的量子态编码自己的私钥。理论上的输出正确性分析和IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真都证实了该协议的输出正确性。该协议仅采用两粒子乘积态而非量子纠缠态作为初始量子资源，且仅需要酉操作和单粒子测量。该协议被证实具备信息论安全性，能抵抗Eve发起的外在攻击，且能抵抗N-1个不忠诚用户发起的共谋攻击。

DOI
10.1360/ssi-2025-0027

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⎯ A key agreement protocol is a cryptographical primitive which allows participants to share a common secret key via insecure channel. In particular, a multiparty key agreement protocol is a key agreement protocol that can manage arbitrary number of participants at once. In the security point of view, authentication and forward secrecy are the most important requirements in such protocols. One interesting problem in key agreement protocols is to construct a multiparty key agreement protocol satisfying the above security requirements with minimal number of communication rounds (i.e. one-round). In literature, there has been no one-round multiparty key agreement protocol that satisfies both of authentication and forward secrecy. In this paper, we present a new multiparty key agreement protocol using bilinear map and adopting the key generation center. The protocol demands only one–round for arbitrary number of participants to share a group key and satisfies both authentication and (partial) forward secrecy. Keywords⎯Multiparty Key Agreement, Authentication, Bilinear Map, Weil Pairing

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本文提出一种新颖的基于圆上双向量子游走的多方认证量子密钥协商协议，使得N个用户经过相互身份认证后在一个半忠诚第三方的协助下能平等地协商出最终的共享密钥。在该协议中，用户利用双向演化算子对初始量子游走态进行加密并通过诱骗粒子对其他用户进行身份认证，然后其他用户利用全局移动算子对收到的量子态编码自己的私钥。理论上的输出正确性分析和IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真都证实了该协议的输出正确性。该协议仅采用两粒子乘积态而非量子纠缠态作为初始量子资源，且仅需要酉操作和单粒子测量。该协议被证实具备信息论安全性，能抵抗Eve发起的外在攻击，且能抵抗N-1个不忠诚用户发起的共谋攻击。
Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important cryptographic primitive that plays a pivotal role in private communications. Authenticated QKA plays an important role in QKA. In this paper, we propose an authenticated multiparty QKA scheme based on 4-qubit cluster states entanglement swapping. The scheme is divided into two parts, the first part is the quantum identity authentication stage, and the second part is the QKA stage. In the quantum identity authentication stage, the participants determine that the participant communicating with them is the claimed person through mutual authentication, which can avoid the impersonation attack of the eavesdropper Eve. In the QKA phase, the participants adopt a bidirectional transmission structure with the participation of a semi-trusted third party, and based on the entanglement swapping property of the 4-qubit cluster state, the QKA is finally realized. Detailed security analysis shows that the protocol can resist a variety of internal and external attacks, such as participants attack, entangle-measure attack, and so on.
我们建议多党的量密码的协议。单一的操作员由鲍勃和查理适用，在他们编码能在艾莉斯在一个译码的矩阵的帮助下的结束被译码的一个古典符号的一个分成三部分的纠缠的状态的各自的 qubits 上。伊夫的存在能被译码的矩阵的骚乱检测。我们的协议对拦截重新发送攻击是安全的。而且，它在二古典位能每 qubits 的纠缠的对被转移的意义有效、确定。是值得提及在这个协议，一样的标志能被用于关键分发和伊夫提高协议的效率的察觉。[从作者抽象]
An efficient circle-type multiparty quantum key agreement protocol utilizing two non-orthogonal bases single particles is proposed. In our protocol, each participant performs one of two simple unitary operations to encode and additional unitary operations to protect his privacy. Both outside attacks and participant attacks can be perfectly resisted. Moreover, our protocol has a high efficiency up to [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of the participants, and it can be easily implemented with current quantum technologies as it needs only single particle measurements.
我们建议量秘密与单个光子和单一的转变在艾莉斯的组和鲍勃的组之间分享的一个计划。在协议，在艾莉斯的组的一个成员处于四个不同状态之一准备单个光子的一个序列，当另外的成员直接经由单一的操作在单个光子的顺序上编码他们的信息时；在那以后，最后成员送单个光子的顺序给鲍勃的组。当时，鲍勃是除了最后一个，同样作功。最后，在鲍勃的组的最后成员测量 qubits。如果量隧道的安全被一些测试保证，那么， qubit 状态由艾莉斯的组的最后成员送了能作为关键位被使用秘密分享。这个计划是安全的，这被显示出。
基于公钥，证实的量身份(QIA ) 没有量纠纷，系统被建议。公钥充当一个用户的认证钥匙。跟随古典公钥基础结构(PKI ) 的想法，认证(CA ) 的一个信任中心被包含。用户随机选择公钥， CA 根据他的公钥为用户产生一把私人钥匙。当执行 QIA 是必要的时，用户送用它 CA 的私人关键和一条消息编码的单个光子的一个序列。根据 CA 带的相应秘密钥匙， CA 在单个光子顺序上动单一的手术。最后，接收装置能判定用户是否是一位演员。
⎯ A key agreement protocol is a cryptographical primitive which allows participants to share a common secret key via insecure channel. In particular, a multiparty key agreement protocol is a key agreement protocol that can manage arbitrary number of participants at once. In the security point of view, authentication and forward secrecy are the most important requirements in such protocols. One interesting problem in key agreement protocols is to construct a multiparty key agreement protocol satisfying the above security requirements with minimal number of communication rounds (i.e. one-round). In literature, there has been no one-round multiparty key agreement protocol that satisfies both of authentication and forward secrecy. In this paper, we present a new multiparty key agreement protocol using bilinear map and adopting the key generation center. The protocol demands only one–round for arbitrary number of participants to share a group key and satisfies both authentication and (partial) forward secrecy. Keywords⎯Multiparty Key Agreement, Authentication, Bilinear Map, Weil Pairing