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Optical and Quantum Electronics

Secrecy outage probability performance of mixed FSO-RF systems with nonzero-boresight pointing errors under three eavesdropping scenarios

Liqiang Han, Yawei Wang

Published Jun 13, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11082-025-08294-x

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With the continued development of optical wireless communications, the security performance of free space optical (FSO) communications is the most crucial aspect that should receive significant attention. Despite the fact that FSO communications are considered more secure than radio frequency systems, their link performance degrades due to some environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and non-zero boresight pointing errors. The combined effect of these factors on the secrecy performance of FSO communication systems over the generalized Malaga- M fading channel is investigated in this paper. This work assumes a more realistic eavesdropping scenario in which both legitimate and unauthorized receivers are located on the same receiving plane. Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity are expressed in exact closed-form expressions in this work. The results show that the FSO system has acceptable secrecy performance in moderate and light fog, with potential reach distances ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to verify the numerical results.

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On the Physical Layer Security of Mixed FSO-RF SWIPT System With Non-Ideal Power Amplifier

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Free-space optical (FSO) links are contemplated as a potential paradigm to yield efficient point-to-point communication in wireless systems. Notably, these links are used to provide the proficient wireless connectivity between the radio frequency (RF) wireless network and the fiber optic-based network. To this end, more attention has been paid to mixed FSO-RF systems where single-hop FSO transmission and single-hop RF transmission configuration is used. In this paper, we propose a mixed FSO-RF dual-hop simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relaying system in the presence of power amplifier (PA). It is assumed that FSO links suffer from Málaga (M)-turbulence with pointing errors and RF links experience the double shadowed Rician fading. Particularly, the physical layer security is analyzed by deriving the closed-form expressions for secrecy metrics such as secure outage probability, strictly positive secrecy capacity, and secrecy throughput. We consider the three scenarios: 1) FSO-side eavesdropping attack 2) RF-side eavesdropping attack 3) Simultaneous FSO- and RF-side eavesdropping attacks. The asymptotic approximations for the final results are also derived to obtain secrecy diversity order. The effect of SWIPT parameters and PA efficiency on the secrecy performance are then further investigated in detail. In summary, the results show that the reliability and security of the proposed system can be enhanced by utilizing efficient PAs at the RF front end depending on the eavesdropper's location and can also be controlled by the SWIPT parameters.

IEEE photonics journal•Jul 7, 2021•33 citations
In this paper, we numerically study the secrecy performance of the free-space optical (FSO) system by considering different eavesdropping scenarios. More precisely, we considered three possible eavesdropping scenarios for Eve : 1) Eve is between Alice and Bob ; 2) Eve and Bob are in the same receiving plane; 3) Eve is behind Bob . We adopt the Málaga ( M )-distribution channel to model atmospheric turbulence due to the presence of link blockage while considering the non-zero boresight pointing error and path loss. To do so, we obtain a novel probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) under different eavesdropping scenarios, based on which we derived the secrecy outage probability (SOP) analytical expressions as well as their asymptotic expressions at a high SNR regime. We verified the results using Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that the parameters related to atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors, as well as the location of the eavesdropper, have different effects on different eavesdropping scenarios.
With the continued development of optical wireless communications, the security performance of free space optical (FSO) communications is the most crucial aspect that should receive significant attention. Despite the fact that FSO communications are considered more secure than radio frequency systems, their link performance degrades due to some environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and non-zero boresight pointing errors. The combined effect of these factors on the secrecy performance of FSO communication systems over the generalized Malaga- M fading channel is investigated in this paper. This work assumes a more realistic eavesdropping scenario in which both legitimate and unauthorized receivers are located on the same receiving plane. Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity are expressed in exact closed-form expressions in this work. The results show that the FSO system has acceptable secrecy performance in moderate and light fog, with potential reach distances ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to verify the numerical results.
Free-space optical (FSO) links are contemplated as a potential paradigm to yield efficient point-to-point communication in wireless systems. Notably, these links are used to provide the proficient wireless connectivity between the radio frequency (RF) wireless network and the fiber optic-based network. To this end, more attention has been paid to mixed FSO-RF systems where single-hop FSO transmission and single-hop RF transmission configuration is used. In this paper, we propose a mixed FSO-RF dual-hop simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relaying system in the presence of power amplifier (PA). It is assumed that FSO links suffer from Málaga (M)-turbulence with pointing errors and RF links experience the double shadowed Rician fading. Particularly, the physical layer security is analyzed by deriving the closed-form expressions for secrecy metrics such as secure outage probability, strictly positive secrecy capacity, and secrecy throughput. We consider the three scenarios: 1) FSO-side eavesdropping attack 2) RF-side eavesdropping attack 3) Simultaneous FSO- and RF-side eavesdropping attacks. The asymptotic approximations for the final results are also derived to obtain secrecy diversity order. The effect of SWIPT parameters and PA efficiency on the secrecy performance are then further investigated in detail. In summary, the results show that the reliability and security of the proposed system can be enhanced by utilizing efficient PAs at the RF front end depending on the eavesdropper's location and can also be controlled by the SWIPT parameters.