Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE photonics journal

On the Physical Layer Security of Mixed FSO-RF SWIPT System With Non-Ideal Power Amplifier

Rupender Singh, Meenakshi Rawat, Anshul Jaiswal

Published Jul 7, 2021• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Free-space optical (FSO) links are contemplated as a potential paradigm to yield efficient point-to-point communication in wireless systems. Notably, these links are used to provide the proficient wireless connectivity between the radio frequency (RF) wireless network and the fiber optic-based network. To this end, more attention has been paid to mixed FSO-RF systems where single-hop FSO transmission and single-hop RF transmission configuration is used. In this paper, we propose a mixed FSO-RF dual-hop simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relaying system in the presence of power amplifier (PA). It is assumed that FSO links suffer from Málaga (M)-turbulence with pointing errors and RF links experience the double shadowed Rician fading. Particularly, the physical layer security is analyzed by deriving the closed-form expressions for secrecy metrics such as secure outage probability, strictly positive secrecy capacity, and secrecy throughput. We consider the three scenarios: 1) FSO-side eavesdropping attack 2) RF-side eavesdropping attack 3) Simultaneous FSO- and RF-side eavesdropping attacks. The asymptotic approximations for the final results are also derived to obtain secrecy diversity order. The effect of SWIPT parameters and PA efficiency on the secrecy performance are then further investigated in detail. In summary, the results show that the reliability and security of the proposed system can be enhanced by utilizing efficient PAs at the RF front end depending on the eavesdropper's location and can also be controlled by the SWIPT parameters.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2021.3095084

Related papers

Physical Layer Security Performance of Multi-User Mixed Radio-Frequency/Free-Space-Optics System Based on Optimal User Interference

Zihe Shen, Yi Wang, Jiamin Wu

This paper presents research on the physical layer security performance of a multi-user mixed RF/FSO system based on optimal user interference. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. The system adopts a double-hop-decode-and-forward (DF) relay scheme. We also consider the effect of directivity errors in the FSO link and assume the presence of an illegal eavesdropper with a single antenna near the RF link. The source node controls the energy collection and information forwarding using a multi-user structure based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We select the optimal user to jam the eavesdropper's communication. We derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system's secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. By formulating and simulating the simulation system, the impact of various important factors on the mixed system's physical layer security (PLS) is analyzed. The analysis indicates that increasing the number of antennas and interference signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optimal user, the time allocation factor and energy conversion efficiency, and the improvement in the quality of atmospheric channels with improved weather will significantly enhance this system's PLS.

Sensors•Jul 19, 2023•6 citations

Enhancing Physical Layer Security of Multiuser SIMO Mixed RF/FSO Relay Networks with Multi-Eavesdroppers

Ahmed Hassan Abd El-Malek, Anas M. Salhab, Salam A. Zummo +1 more

In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of multiuser (MU) single-input multiple-output (SIMO) mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling and multiple eavesdropping attacks. The considered system includes multiple users, one amplify-and-froward (AF) relay, one destination and multiple eavesdroppers. The users are connected with a multi-antenna relay through RF links and the relay is connected with the destination through an FSO link. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is used at the relay node to combine the received signals at its different antennas. The RF/FSO channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models with considering the effect of pointing errors. In particular, we derive closed- form expressions for the exact and asymptotic outage probabilities. The asymptotic outage results are then used to obtain the optimal RF transmission power based on the dominant link between the RF and FSO links. Then, the considered system secrecy performance is investigated in the presence of multi- eavesdroppers where exact closed-form expression for the intercept probability is derived. Finally, a cooperative jamming model is proposed along with power allocation to enhance the system secrecy performance. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to validate the achieved exact and asymptotic results.

IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)•Dec 1, 2016•19 citations

On secrecy analysis of wireless-powered relaying FSO-RF systems

Jiliang Zhang, Wanxin He, Gaofeng Pan +1 more

We investigate the physical-layer security performance for a wireless-powered relaying mixed free-space optical-radio frequency (FSO-RF) system. In this system, a source transmits optical information to a relay (R), which decodes the received signal with a decode-and-forward protocol, converts it into an RF signal, and forwards it to a destination in the presence of an eavesdropper. Furthermore, we also assume that R has no extra power supply, and it only relies on harvesting energy from a power beacon to forward the information. Assuming that the FSO and all of the RF channels experience gamma-gamma and Rayleigh fading, the closed-form analytical expressions for secrecy outage probability and the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. In addition, the effects of atmospheric turbulence, pointing errors, and detection techniques on the system performance are analyzed. Finally, we perform Monte Carlo simulations to verify the accuracy of the derived expressions.

Optical Engineering•Jun 3, 2021•4 citations

Secure Transmission for Energy Efficient Parallel Mixed FSO/RF System in Presence of Independent Eavesdroppers

Dipti R. Pattanayak, Vivek K. Dwivedi, Vikram Karwal +3 more

In this paper, the physical layer security (PLS) challenges for a decode and forward (DF) based dual hop mixed free space optical (FSO) / radio frequency (RF) communication system in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers has been investigated. In order to improve the PLS of the energy efficient co-operative communication system, diversity combining techniques have been introduced at the destination node. In addition to this, collusion and non collusion eavesdropper scenarios are considered to make the system more practical. The FSO and RF links are assumed to experience independent Málaga ($\mathcal {M}$) and Nakagami-$m$fading distributions, respectively. Additionally, the FSO link model considers the impact of boresigt and non-zero boresight pointing errors and type of optical demodulation scheme. To investigate the security performance, the lower bound for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and effective secrecy throughput (EST) have been obtained in terms of Meijer’s G function. Thereafter, asymptotic expressions have been derived for the considered system and the numerical results have been verified by the Monte-Carlo simulation method. Finally, we have analyzed the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) based on secrecy rate ($R_s$) of the considered system to provide practical insights into the effect of major parameters on the energy efficient secure transmission design.

IEEE photonics journal•Dec 2, 2021•29 citations

On Secrecy Performance of Mixed Generalized Gamma and Málaga RF-FSO Variable Gain Relaying Channel

Sheikh Habibul Islam, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. Riazul Islam +7 more

The emergence of an array of new wireless networks has led researchers to evaluate the prospect of utilizing the physical properties of the wireless medium in order to design secure systems. In this paper, the physical layer secrecy performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with variable gain relaying scheme is investigated in the presence of an eavesdropper. We assume that the eavesdropper can wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link only. It is further assumed that the main and eavesdropper RF links are modeled as generalized Gamma (GG) fading channel, and the free space optical (FSO) link experiences Málaga turbulence with pointing error impairment. Our primary concern is to protect this confidential information from being wiretapped. Besides pointing error, the atmospheric turbulence and two types of detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection and intensity modulation with direct detection) are also taken into consideration. Utilizing amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme, the novel mathematical closed-form expressions for average secrecy capacity, lower bound of secrecy outage probability, and strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. As both the links (RF and FSO) undergo generalized fading channels, the derived expressions are also general. We present a unification of some existing works utilizing the proposed model to better clarify the novelty of this work. Finally, all the derived expressions are justified via Monte-Carlo simulations.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2020•37 citations

On Secrecy Performance of Mixed RF-FSO Systems With a Wireless-Powered Friendly Jammer

Yi Wang, Tong Yang, Zhiwu Zhan

This paper presents a study of the physical layer security performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a wireless-powered friendly jammer. The RF links undergo the Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link experiences the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is present in the system. A single-antenna eavesdropper located on the RF link attempts to eavesdrop on the channel transmission information. There is a nearby multi-antenna jammer that can be charged wirelessly, and a save-then-transmit (ST) protocol is introduced in the jammer. The closed expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF-FSO system are derived, and the correctness of the expressions is verified using the Monte-Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the secrecy performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that increasing the average interference noise ratio, the number of interferer antennas, the time block allocation factor, and the size of the receiving aperture has a significant effect on the secrecy performance. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of mixed RF-FSO systems.

IEEE photonics journal•Jan 25, 2022•18 citations
Free-space optical (FSO) links are contemplated as a potential paradigm to yield efficient point-to-point communication in wireless systems. Notably, these links are used to provide the proficient wireless connectivity between the radio frequency (RF) wireless network and the fiber optic-based network. To this end, more attention has been paid to mixed FSO-RF systems where single-hop FSO transmission and single-hop RF transmission configuration is used. In this paper, we propose a mixed FSO-RF dual-hop simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relaying system in the presence of power amplifier (PA). It is assumed that FSO links suffer from Málaga (M)-turbulence with pointing errors and RF links experience the double shadowed Rician fading. Particularly, the physical layer security is analyzed by deriving the closed-form expressions for secrecy metrics such as secure outage probability, strictly positive secrecy capacity, and secrecy throughput. We consider the three scenarios: 1) FSO-side eavesdropping attack 2) RF-side eavesdropping attack 3) Simultaneous FSO- and RF-side eavesdropping attacks. The asymptotic approximations for the final results are also derived to obtain secrecy diversity order. The effect of SWIPT parameters and PA efficiency on the secrecy performance are then further investigated in detail. In summary, the results show that the reliability and security of the proposed system can be enhanced by utilizing efficient PAs at the RF front end depending on the eavesdropper's location and can also be controlled by the SWIPT parameters.
This paper presents research on the physical layer security performance of a multi-user mixed RF/FSO system based on optimal user interference. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. The system adopts a double-hop-decode-and-forward (DF) relay scheme. We also consider the effect of directivity errors in the FSO link and assume the presence of an illegal eavesdropper with a single antenna near the RF link. The source node controls the energy collection and information forwarding using a multi-user structure based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We select the optimal user to jam the eavesdropper's communication. We derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system's secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. By formulating and simulating the simulation system, the impact of various important factors on the mixed system's physical layer security (PLS) is analyzed. The analysis indicates that increasing the number of antennas and interference signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optimal user, the time allocation factor and energy conversion efficiency, and the improvement in the quality of atmospheric channels with improved weather will significantly enhance this system's PLS.
In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of multiuser (MU) single-input multiple-output (SIMO) mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling and multiple eavesdropping attacks. The considered system includes multiple users, one amplify-and-froward (AF) relay, one destination and multiple eavesdroppers. The users are connected with a multi-antenna relay through RF links and the relay is connected with the destination through an FSO link. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is used at the relay node to combine the received signals at its different antennas. The RF/FSO channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models with considering the effect of pointing errors. In particular, we derive closed- form expressions for the exact and asymptotic outage probabilities. The asymptotic outage results are then used to obtain the optimal RF transmission power based on the dominant link between the RF and FSO links. Then, the considered system secrecy performance is investigated in the presence of multi- eavesdroppers where exact closed-form expression for the intercept probability is derived. Finally, a cooperative jamming model is proposed along with power allocation to enhance the system secrecy performance. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to validate the achieved exact and asymptotic results.
We investigate the physical-layer security performance for a wireless-powered relaying mixed free-space optical-radio frequency (FSO-RF) system. In this system, a source transmits optical information to a relay (R), which decodes the received signal with a decode-and-forward protocol, converts it into an RF signal, and forwards it to a destination in the presence of an eavesdropper. Furthermore, we also assume that R has no extra power supply, and it only relies on harvesting energy from a power beacon to forward the information. Assuming that the FSO and all of the RF channels experience gamma-gamma and Rayleigh fading, the closed-form analytical expressions for secrecy outage probability and the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. In addition, the effects of atmospheric turbulence, pointing errors, and detection techniques on the system performance are analyzed. Finally, we perform Monte Carlo simulations to verify the accuracy of the derived expressions.
In this paper, the physical layer security (PLS) challenges for a decode and forward (DF) based dual hop mixed free space optical (FSO) / radio frequency (RF) communication system in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers has been investigated. In order to improve the PLS of the energy efficient co-operative communication system, diversity combining techniques have been introduced at the destination node. In addition to this, collusion and non collusion eavesdropper scenarios are considered to make the system more practical. The FSO and RF links are assumed to experience independent Málaga (M\mathcal {M}M) and Nakagami-mmmfading distributions, respectively. Additionally, the FSO link model considers the impact of boresigt and non-zero boresight pointing errors and type of optical demodulation scheme. To investigate the security performance, the lower bound for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and effective secrecy throughput (EST) have been obtained in terms of Meijer’s G function. Thereafter, asymptotic expressions have been derived for the considered system and the numerical results have been verified by the Monte-Carlo simulation method. Finally, we have analyzed the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) based on secrecy rate (RsR_sRs​) of the considered system to provide practical insights into the effect of major parameters on the energy efficient secure transmission design.
The emergence of an array of new wireless networks has led researchers to evaluate the prospect of utilizing the physical properties of the wireless medium in order to design secure systems. In this paper, the physical layer secrecy performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with variable gain relaying scheme is investigated in the presence of an eavesdropper. We assume that the eavesdropper can wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link only. It is further assumed that the main and eavesdropper RF links are modeled as generalized Gamma (GG) fading channel, and the free space optical (FSO) link experiences Málaga turbulence with pointing error impairment. Our primary concern is to protect this confidential information from being wiretapped. Besides pointing error, the atmospheric turbulence and two types of detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection and intensity modulation with direct detection) are also taken into consideration. Utilizing amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme, the novel mathematical closed-form expressions for average secrecy capacity, lower bound of secrecy outage probability, and strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. As both the links (RF and FSO) undergo generalized fading channels, the derived expressions are also general. We present a unification of some existing works utilizing the proposed model to better clarify the novelty of this work. Finally, all the derived expressions are justified via Monte-Carlo simulations.
This paper presents a study of the physical layer security performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a wireless-powered friendly jammer. The RF links undergo the Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link experiences the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is present in the system. A single-antenna eavesdropper located on the RF link attempts to eavesdrop on the channel transmission information. There is a nearby multi-antenna jammer that can be charged wirelessly, and a save-then-transmit (ST) protocol is introduced in the jammer. The closed expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF-FSO system are derived, and the correctness of the expressions is verified using the Monte-Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the secrecy performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that increasing the average interference noise ratio, the number of interferer antennas, the time block allocation factor, and the size of the receiving aperture has a significant effect on the secrecy performance. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of mixed RF-FSO systems.