Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Sensors

Physical Layer Security Performance of Multi-User Mixed Radio-Frequency/Free-Space-Optics System Based on Optimal User Interference

Zihe Shen, Yi Wang, Jiamin Wu

Published Jul 19, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents research on the physical layer security performance of a multi-user mixed RF/FSO system based on optimal user interference. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. The system adopts a double-hop-decode-and-forward (DF) relay scheme. We also consider the effect of directivity errors in the FSO link and assume the presence of an illegal eavesdropper with a single antenna near the RF link. The source node controls the energy collection and information forwarding using a multi-user structure based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We select the optimal user to jam the eavesdropper's communication. We derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system's secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. By formulating and simulating the simulation system, the impact of various important factors on the mixed system's physical layer security (PLS) is analyzed. The analysis indicates that increasing the number of antennas and interference signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optimal user, the time allocation factor and energy conversion efficiency, and the improvement in the quality of atmospheric channels with improved weather will significantly enhance this system's PLS.

DOI
10.3390/s23146523

Related papers

Research on Physical Layer Security Performance of Multi-user Mixed RF/FSO Communication System in FSO Eavesdropping Environment

Linjie Fan, Wangyue Lu, Rui Wang +1 more

This paper presents a mixed RF/FSO communication system in the environment of FSO eavesdropping, and studies the optimization of physical layer security (PLS) of the system. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. An eavesdropper with an optical receiving device is located near the destination node in the FSO link. The optical eavesdropping device near the destination node captures and eaveson the optical signal transmitted by the relay. Based on the above system model, we derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system’ s Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and Strictly Positive Secrecy Capacity (SPSC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. The effects of various key factors on the system security performance are analyzed by simulation. The results show that the increase of the optimal user transmission signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, the decrease of the eavesdropping SNR and the improvement of weather conditions have obvious effects on the system security performance, which provides a good theoretical basis for the physical layer security application of mixed RF/FSO system in the environment of FSO eavesdropping.

IEEE International Conference on Information, Communication and Networks (ICICN)•Aug 21, 2024•0 citations

Security performance research of multi-user scheduling mixed RF/FSO system based on FSO eavesdropping environment

Yiyi Yang, Dexian Yan, Yi Wang

This paper investigates a mixed Radio Frequency (RF) / Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication system under an FSO eavesdropping environment and studies the system’s Physical Layer Security (PLS) performance optimization problem. A single-antenna eavesdropper trying to eavesdrop on RF information is situated in the RF link, and another eavesdropper with an optical receiving device is located near the destination node in the FSO link. For the above system model, the Strict Positive Secrecy Capacity (SPSC) and the Security Outage Probability (SOP) closed-form expressions of the RF/FSO mixed communication system were derived, and the expressions were validated for accuracy using the Monte Carlo method. Simulation analysis assessed the impact of different key factors on the system’s PLS performance, which establishes a solid theoretical foundation for applying PLS to mixed RF/FSO systems in FSO eavesdropping scenarios.

International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN)•Jul 28, 2025•0 citations

On Secrecy Performance of Mixed RF-FSO Systems With a Wireless-Powered Friendly Jammer

Yi Wang, Tong Yang, Zhiwu Zhan

This paper presents a study of the physical layer security performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a wireless-powered friendly jammer. The RF links undergo the Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link experiences the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is present in the system. A single-antenna eavesdropper located on the RF link attempts to eavesdrop on the channel transmission information. There is a nearby multi-antenna jammer that can be charged wirelessly, and a save-then-transmit (ST) protocol is introduced in the jammer. The closed expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF-FSO system are derived, and the correctness of the expressions is verified using the Monte-Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the secrecy performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that increasing the average interference noise ratio, the number of interferer antennas, the time block allocation factor, and the size of the receiving aperture has a significant effect on the secrecy performance. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of mixed RF-FSO systems.

IEEE photonics journal•Jan 25, 2022•18 citations

Enhancing Physical Layer Security of Multiuser SIMO Mixed RF/FSO Relay Networks with Multi-Eavesdroppers

Ahmed Hassan Abd El-Malek, Anas M. Salhab, Salam A. Zummo +1 more

In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of multiuser (MU) single-input multiple-output (SIMO) mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling and multiple eavesdropping attacks. The considered system includes multiple users, one amplify-and-froward (AF) relay, one destination and multiple eavesdroppers. The users are connected with a multi-antenna relay through RF links and the relay is connected with the destination through an FSO link. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is used at the relay node to combine the received signals at its different antennas. The RF/FSO channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models with considering the effect of pointing errors. In particular, we derive closed- form expressions for the exact and asymptotic outage probabilities. The asymptotic outage results are then used to obtain the optimal RF transmission power based on the dominant link between the RF and FSO links. Then, the considered system secrecy performance is investigated in the presence of multi- eavesdroppers where exact closed-form expression for the intercept probability is derived. Finally, a cooperative jamming model is proposed along with power allocation to enhance the system secrecy performance. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to validate the achieved exact and asymptotic results.

IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)•Dec 1, 2016•19 citations

Effect of RF Interference on the Security-Reliability Tradeoff Analysis of Multiuser Mixed RF/FSO Relay Networks With Power Allocation

Ahmed Hassan Abd El-Malek, Anas M. Salhab, Salam A. Zummo +1 more

In this paper, the impact of radio frequency (RF) cochannel interference (CCI) on the performance of multiuser mixed RF/free-space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling under eavesdropping attack is studied. The considered system includes multiple users, one decode-and forward relay, one destination, and an eavesdropper. In the analysis, the RF/FSO channels follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models, respectively, with pointing errors on the FSO link. Exact closed-form expression for the system outage probability is derived. Then, an asymptotic expression for the outage probability is obtained at the high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio regime to get more insights on the system performance. Moreover, the obtained results are used to find the optimal transmission power in different turbulence conditions. The secrecy performance is studied in the presence of CCI at both the authorized relay and eavesdropper, where closed-form expressions are derived for the intercept probability. The physical layer security performance is enhanced using cooperative jamming models, where new closed-form expressions are derived for the intercept probability. Another power allocation optimization problem is formulated to find the optimal transmission and jamming powers. The derived analytical formulas are supported by numerical results to clarify the main contributions of this paper.

Journal of Lightwave Technology•Mar 27, 2017•82 citations

Physical Layer Security of a Two-Hop Mixed RF-FSO System in a Cognitive Radio Network

Mohammad Ali Torabi, Alireza Baghaei Pouri

In this paper, the physical layer (PHY)security performance of a dual-hop cooperative relaying in a cognitive-radio system in the presence of an eavesdropper is investigated. The dual-hop transmission is composed of an asymmetric radio frequency (RF)link and a free space optical (FSO)link. In the considered system, an unlicensed secondary user (SU)uses the spectrum which is shared by a licensed primary user (PU)in a controlled manner to keep the interference at PU receiver, below a predefined value. Furthermore, among M available relays, one relay with the best end-to-end signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR)is selected for transmission. It is assumed that all of the RF links follow Rayleigh fading and all of the FSO links follow Gamma-Gamma distribution. Simulations results for some important security metrics, such as the average secrecy capacity (SC), and secrecy outage probability (SOP)are presented, where some practical issues of FSO links such as atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors are taken into consideration.

West Asian Colloquium on Optical Wireless Communications (WACOWC)•Apr 1, 2019•8 citations
This paper presents research on the physical layer security performance of a multi-user mixed RF/FSO system based on optimal user interference. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. The system adopts a double-hop-decode-and-forward (DF) relay scheme. We also consider the effect of directivity errors in the FSO link and assume the presence of an illegal eavesdropper with a single antenna near the RF link. The source node controls the energy collection and information forwarding using a multi-user structure based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We select the optimal user to jam the eavesdropper's communication. We derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system's secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. By formulating and simulating the simulation system, the impact of various important factors on the mixed system's physical layer security (PLS) is analyzed. The analysis indicates that increasing the number of antennas and interference signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optimal user, the time allocation factor and energy conversion efficiency, and the improvement in the quality of atmospheric channels with improved weather will significantly enhance this system's PLS.
This paper presents a mixed RF/FSO communication system in the environment of FSO eavesdropping, and studies the optimization of physical layer security (PLS) of the system. In this system model, the RF link experiences Rayleigh fading, and the FSO link follows the Fischer-Snedecor F distribution. An eavesdropper with an optical receiving device is located near the destination node in the FSO link. The optical eavesdropping device near the destination node captures and eaveson the optical signal transmitted by the relay. Based on the above system model, we derive closed-form expressions for the mixed RF/FSO communication system’ s Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and Strictly Positive Secrecy Capacity (SPSC). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of these expressions. The effects of various key factors on the system security performance are analyzed by simulation. The results show that the increase of the optimal user transmission signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, the decrease of the eavesdropping SNR and the improvement of weather conditions have obvious effects on the system security performance, which provides a good theoretical basis for the physical layer security application of mixed RF/FSO system in the environment of FSO eavesdropping.
This paper investigates a mixed Radio Frequency (RF) / Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication system under an FSO eavesdropping environment and studies the system’s Physical Layer Security (PLS) performance optimization problem. A single-antenna eavesdropper trying to eavesdrop on RF information is situated in the RF link, and another eavesdropper with an optical receiving device is located near the destination node in the FSO link. For the above system model, the Strict Positive Secrecy Capacity (SPSC) and the Security Outage Probability (SOP) closed-form expressions of the RF/FSO mixed communication system were derived, and the expressions were validated for accuracy using the Monte Carlo method. Simulation analysis assessed the impact of different key factors on the system’s PLS performance, which establishes a solid theoretical foundation for applying PLS to mixed RF/FSO systems in FSO eavesdropping scenarios.
This paper presents a study of the physical layer security performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a wireless-powered friendly jammer. The RF links undergo the Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link experiences the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is present in the system. A single-antenna eavesdropper located on the RF link attempts to eavesdrop on the channel transmission information. There is a nearby multi-antenna jammer that can be charged wirelessly, and a save-then-transmit (ST) protocol is introduced in the jammer. The closed expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF-FSO system are derived, and the correctness of the expressions is verified using the Monte-Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the secrecy performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that increasing the average interference noise ratio, the number of interferer antennas, the time block allocation factor, and the size of the receiving aperture has a significant effect on the secrecy performance. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of mixed RF-FSO systems.
In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of multiuser (MU) single-input multiple-output (SIMO) mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling and multiple eavesdropping attacks. The considered system includes multiple users, one amplify-and-froward (AF) relay, one destination and multiple eavesdroppers. The users are connected with a multi-antenna relay through RF links and the relay is connected with the destination through an FSO link. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is used at the relay node to combine the received signals at its different antennas. The RF/FSO channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models with considering the effect of pointing errors. In particular, we derive closed- form expressions for the exact and asymptotic outage probabilities. The asymptotic outage results are then used to obtain the optimal RF transmission power based on the dominant link between the RF and FSO links. Then, the considered system secrecy performance is investigated in the presence of multi- eavesdroppers where exact closed-form expression for the intercept probability is derived. Finally, a cooperative jamming model is proposed along with power allocation to enhance the system secrecy performance. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to validate the achieved exact and asymptotic results.
In this paper, the impact of radio frequency (RF) cochannel interference (CCI) on the performance of multiuser mixed RF/free-space optical (FSO) relay network with opportunistic user scheduling under eavesdropping attack is studied. The considered system includes multiple users, one decode-and forward relay, one destination, and an eavesdropper. In the analysis, the RF/FSO channels follow Nakagami-m/Gamma-Gamma fading models, respectively, with pointing errors on the FSO link. Exact closed-form expression for the system outage probability is derived. Then, an asymptotic expression for the outage probability is obtained at the high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio regime to get more insights on the system performance. Moreover, the obtained results are used to find the optimal transmission power in different turbulence conditions. The secrecy performance is studied in the presence of CCI at both the authorized relay and eavesdropper, where closed-form expressions are derived for the intercept probability. The physical layer security performance is enhanced using cooperative jamming models, where new closed-form expressions are derived for the intercept probability. Another power allocation optimization problem is formulated to find the optimal transmission and jamming powers. The derived analytical formulas are supported by numerical results to clarify the main contributions of this paper.
In this paper, the physical layer (PHY)security performance of a dual-hop cooperative relaying in a cognitive-radio system in the presence of an eavesdropper is investigated. The dual-hop transmission is composed of an asymmetric radio frequency (RF)link and a free space optical (FSO)link. In the considered system, an unlicensed secondary user (SU)uses the spectrum which is shared by a licensed primary user (PU)in a controlled manner to keep the interference at PU receiver, below a predefined value. Furthermore, among M available relays, one relay with the best end-to-end signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR)is selected for transmission. It is assumed that all of the RF links follow Rayleigh fading and all of the FSO links follow Gamma-Gamma distribution. Simulations results for some important security metrics, such as the average secrecy capacity (SC), and secrecy outage probability (SOP)are presented, where some practical issues of FSO links such as atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors are taken into consideration.