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Physical Review Applied

Measurement of arc rf signals based on Rydberg atoms

Qi-Feng Wang, Li-Hua Zhang, Bang Liu, Yu Ma, Tian-Yu Han, En-Hui Wang, Zheng-Yuan Zhang, Shi-Yao Shao, Jun Zhang, Qing 'an Li, Han-Chao Chen, Yajun Wang, Jia-Dou Nan, Yi-Ming Yin, Dong-Sheng Ding, Bao-Sen Shi

Published Jun 5, 2025• 6 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/2jpt-6313

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Radio-frequency (rf) receivers using Rydberg atoms offer appealing features over classical sensors, such as their size, frequency tuning range, and lack of field absorption. In this work, we extend the application space by demonstrating a Rydberg atom rf polarimeter. Using rf heterodyne with three independent and orthogonal local oscillators, we are able to extract the polarization ellipse of the field in three dimensions, in addition to the total amplitude of the field. We use the relative phases and amplitudes of the three generated heterodyne signals to measure the field amplitudes and phases along three cardinal axes giving the full three-dimensional polarization. We demonstrate this polarization measurement for incoming fields at different angles around the sensor. Lastly, we investigate the reception of data symbols encoded in the horizontal and vertical signal field polarizations and the phase between them. Our measurements yield an amplitude noise of $57\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for horizontal polarization, $66\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for vertical polarization, and a standard deviation of 0.094 rad in the phase between the field components.
We optimize theoretically and experimentally the performances of the recently demonstrated modulation transfer protocol [D.-A. Trinh , Modulation transfer protocol for Rydberg rf receivers, ] aiming at extending the bandwidth of quantum rf receivers based on hot Rydberg atoms. This optimization relies on tuning the parameters of the phase modulation of the coupling beam, which is converted by the nonlinear response of the atoms into an amplitude modulation of the probe beam. We develop a theoretical model to optimize both the modulation frequency and the modulation amplitude of the coupling beam, thereby maximizing the atomic response. Once optimized, the sensitivity to detuned rf fields of this modulation transfer protocol is measured and compared with that of the conventional protocol. This comparison shows that the new protocol permits a strong increase in the detection bandwidth. Indeed, it outperforms the usual one as soon as the rf signal to be measured is detuned by more than a few MHz. We illustrate the capability of this modulation transfer protocol to enhance the detection bandwidth by showing experimentally how it permits bridging the gap between two Rydberg transitions separated by 166 MHz. In all cases, the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations.
We design phase-sensitive Rydberg-atom interferometry by implementing Floquet electromagnetically induced transparency (FEIT). The FEIT mixes the sidebands of a Rydberg state induced by a megahertz radio frequency (rf) field and recombines them into FEIT bands. The FEIT bands act as screens to present the interference between paths with different phases, which are transitions between the sidebands and excited states. This interferometry can measure the phase of a megahertz rf field without a local rf reference field. A phase reference is supplied to the atoms via a periodic electrical signal in the FEIT. We demonstrate that the megahertz rf phase can be resolved over the full $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ range with a theoretical accuracy of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ rad. Moreover, the rf amplitude can also be resolved with higher accuracy than with the traditional EIT-based scheme.