Abstract We propose a quantum designated verifier multi- signature (QDVMS) scheme. In this scheme, multiple users can generate a valid signature by simultaneously signing the original message, and the designated verifier holds the exclusive capability to verify the signature’s validity. This scheme applies locally indistinguishable orthogonal product states to generate signatures, simplifying the preparation process in contrast to entangled states. Furthermore, our scheme does not require quantum one- way functions (QOWF), quantum state swapping tests (SWAP), or entangled states, which enhances its practicality and efficiency. Additionally, the absence of a third party (TP) in the entire process enhances the scheme’s security. The security analysis and comparisons with similar schemes indicate that our QDVMS scheme satisfies the security properties of DVS, and achieves information- theoretical security. Moreover, it offers higher efficiency and robust resistance against diverse attacks.
Abstract We propose a quantum designated verifier multi- signature (QDVMS) scheme. In this scheme, multiple users can generate a valid signature by simultaneously signing the original message, and the designated verifier holds the exclusive capability to verify the signature’s validity. This scheme applies locally indistinguishable orthogonal product states to generate signatures, simplifying the preparation process in contrast to entangled states. Furthermore, our scheme does not require quantum one- way functions (QOWF), quantum state swapping tests (SWAP), or entangled states, which enhances its practicality and efficiency. Additionally, the absence of a third party (TP) in the entire process enhances the scheme’s security. The security analysis and comparisons with similar schemes indicate that our QDVMS scheme satisfies the security properties of DVS, and achieves information- theoretical security. Moreover, it offers higher efficiency and robust resistance against diverse attacks.
Based on a set of locally indistinguishable orthogonal product (LIOP) states, a quantum designated multi-verifier signature scheme (LIOP-QDMVS) is proposed. In this scheme, each verifier can independently verify partial signature without exchanging information with other verifiers. The protocol can address the issue of excessive power from individual verifiers, as the signature is accepted as valid only when all verifiers confirm its validity. Additionally, all designated verifiers can collaborate to simulate signatures from the signer, that achieve the non-transferability and source hiding of the protocol. Furthermore, the scheme does not require any third-party involvement, and no entangled states need to be prepared during signature generation. It is proven that the LIOP-QDMVS owns unforgeability, correctness, theoretical information security, and designated verifier properties, as well as it is resistant to replay attacks and impersonation attacks. Therefore, LIOP-QDMVS offers better security and efficiency.
Quantum Designated Multi-Verifier Signature (QDMVS) schemes can be applied in many scenes, such as e-voting and electronic bidding. Based on locally indistinguishable orthogonal product states, a novel QDMVS scheme without any third party is proposed. The scheme avoids the use of difficult-to-prepare entangled states such as Bell states and GHZ states, eliminates the use of quantum one-way functions, significantly simplifies the signature verification process. In this scheme, there are n designated verifiers and the integrity of the signature is collectively ensured by these n verifiers. If any verifier makes an error during the signing process, the signature cannot be completed successfully. The identities of the participants are used as the public keys of the signature, which can prevent them from denying their actions. We have proven the correctness of the scheme, and the security analysis shows that the scheme can resist various malicious attacks, and it possesses sufficient security and effectiveness.
Abstract Designated verifier signature (DVS) schemes can be applied in many scenes, such as E-voting and E-bidding use DVS attributes to protect the secret of participants. Most traditional DVS schemes are vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. Then, an identity-based semi-trusted third-party quantum DVS (STQDVS) scheme is proposed, which is safe for quantum means of attack. In new STQDVS scheme, the third participant prepares entangled Bell states and allocates them to the signer and the designated verifier (DV). The signer uses the identity information as her public key and the measurement results of corresponding quantum sequences as her private key to generate the signature. The DV applies the identity information as his public key and the measurement results of corresponding quantum sequences as her private key to verify the signature. Non-transferability and hidden origin are guaranteed by the fact that the DV can generate the same signature as the signatory by means of a simulated signature step. Security analysis has shown that attacks such as forgery, inter-resending, and impersonation are ineffective for the proposed scheme and that even third-party cannot forge signatures. On the other hand, the whole process of the scheme does not require any quantum key distribution protocols, quantum one-way functions, and quantum state exchange tests, which makes the STQDVS scheme relatively simple and more efficient than similar schemes.
Digital signatures are unsuitable for specific applications that are sensitive on a personal or commercial level because they are universally verifiable. Jakobsson et al. proposed the Designated Verifier Signature (DVS) system, which only allows the intended verifier to validate a message’s signature. It prohibits the disclosure of a conviction to a third party. This functionality is useful in applications that require both authenticity and signer privacy, such as electronic voting and tender calls. The vast majority of current DVS schemes are based on difficult number theory problems such as integer factorization or discrete log problems over various groups. The development of a large-scale quantum computer would render these schemes unsafe. As a result, it is critical to develop quantum-resistant DVS methods. In both quantum and classical computers, signatures based on one-way functions are more efficient and secure. They have several advantages over digital signatures based on trapdoor functions. As a result, hash-based signatures are now considered viable alternatives to number-theoretic signatures. Existing hash-based signatures, on the other hand, are easily verifiable by anyone. As a result, they do not protect the signer’s identity. In addition, they are one-time signatures. This paper presents a hash-based multi-time designated verifier signature scheme that ensures signer anonymity. The unforgeability of the signature scheme is also tested in the random oracle model under chosen message attack. The properties such as non-transferability and non-delegatability are investigated.
Abstract With the progress of science and technology, more and more researchers have begun to pay attention to quantum digital signature schemes. Arbitrated quantum signatures have attracted much attention due to their many advantages. This paper presents a multi-verifiable arbitrated quantum signature scheme with information hiding function. In this scheme, the original information and the shared key are hidden in the Bell state, so that any attacker cannot obtain the original information through quantum measurement. In this scheme, multi-verifiers connect end to end to form a ring, and the feasibility of the scheme can be verified if and only if all verifiers participate. Ring verifiers select one of them as the representative. The representative uses the one-way hash function for authentication and indicates the identity to the arbitrator. Therefore the arbitrator does not need to verify the identities of all the verifiers and improves the authentication efficiency. The security analysis shows that the scheme is undeniability, unforgeability and can resistant to intercept-resend attacks, combined attacks and cheating attacks.
In this paper, based on multi-arbitrators and the product states, a new quantum signature scheme (QSS) is proposed. In our scheme, two arbitrators are used to share private keys with the signer. The signer encodes the bit message into orthogonal product states, which are locally indistinguishable. Then, to produce the signature, the signer signs the product states with the key-controlled Hadamard operator and Y operator. Our scheme has the good virtues as follows. First, our signature not only has the security property of unforgeability, but also has the property of strong non-repudiation. Second, when signing a message and verifying a signature, the partners do not need to prepare or transmit any entangled particle. Third, the partners do not need to perform the state comparison algorithm. Fourth, the signer does not need to share any private key with the signature verifier. For our scheme, the signer only shares two private keys with the arbitrators. At last, in our scheme, the repudiation can be flexibly solved. Compared with the other schemes with semi-trusted arbitrator, ours has better performances in security, practicability and efficiency.