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Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute

Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Nonideal Josephson Junctions

Alexander N. Lykov, I. A. Lykov

Published Apr 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The method of numerical solution of equations is used within the resistive model to study the behavior of deviations of the current‒voltage characteristics of nonideal Josephson junctions from similar characteristics of ideal (standard) junctions. Nonideal Josephson junctions are those in which the current‒phase relation contains additional Josephson harmonics. The dependences of the amplitudes of current steps (Shapiro steps) on the power of external electromagnetic radiation is calculated. The shape of these dependences is shown to deviate from the corresponding dependences for ideal Josephson junctions. In addition, the paper examines the features of the occurrence of additional current steps on the current‒voltage characteristics of Josephson junctions and shows a possibility of their absence in the case of the presence of additional harmonics in the current‒phase relation. The obtained results prove that by analyzing the step structure of the current‒voltage characteristics it is possible to obtain information about the properties of Josephson junctions and superconductors that form them.

DOI
10.3103/s1068335624602656

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Abstract The method of numerical solution of equations is used within the resistive model to study the behavior of deviations of the current‒voltage characteristics of nonideal Josephson junctions from similar characteristics of ideal (standard) junctions. Nonideal Josephson junctions are those in which the current‒phase relation contains additional Josephson harmonics. The dependences of the amplitudes of current steps (Shapiro steps) on the power of external electromagnetic radiation is calculated. The shape of these dependences is shown to deviate from the corresponding dependences for ideal Josephson junctions. In addition, the paper examines the features of the occurrence of additional current steps on the current‒voltage characteristics of Josephson junctions and shows a possibility of their absence in the case of the presence of additional harmonics in the current‒phase relation. The obtained results prove that by analyzing the step structure of the current‒voltage characteristics it is possible to obtain information about the properties of Josephson junctions and superconductors that form them.
The electrophysical and dynamic parameters (Shapiro steps and detector response) of hybrid heterostructures based on oxide superconductors with the d -wave symmetry of the order parameter are studied. Deviation of the current-phase relation from the trivial (sinusoidal) form is revealed. It is shown in terms of a generalized Resistive Shunted Function model with the junction capacitance and higher harmonics of the current-phase relation has virtually no influence on the width of harmonic Shapiro steps but changes the scale of the step-width dependence on the ac current of an external electromagnetic field. In addition, it is shown that these dependences have no local minima if the current-phase relation (CPR) contains harmonics higher than the first. For heterostructures, the amplitudes and signs of the CPR harmonics are determined through comparison of theoretical and experimental data.
An experimental investigation is made of the subharmonic Shapiro steps observed on the I-V curves of high-T c superconductor Josephson junctions and on the bias-voltage dependences of the rf noise and detector response when the junctions are subjected to external submillimeter radiation. Structures of this type are ordinarily described by a nonsinusoidal current-phase relation, which is why subharmonic steps appear. Numerical modeling of the processes occurring in a Josephson junction by means of a simple current-phase relation, as in the case of an SNS junction, gives good agreement with experiment. The width of the characteristic Josephson generation line of the junction was estimated on the basis of the noise dependences and the selective detector response. The width can be explained by taking into account the shot noise of the tunneling component of the conductivity. A model of the conductivity of a high-T c superconductor Josephson junction, consisting of a tunnel junction with microshorts possessing metallic conductivity, is discussed.
The effect of external radiation on the phase dynamics of Josephson junctions shunted by an LC circuit is examined. It is shown that additional resonant circuit (rc) branches appear in the current voltage characteristics of the junctions when the Josephson frequency is equal to the frequency of the formed resonance circuit. We show that the amplitude dependence of the Shapiro step width crucially changes when the Shapiro step is on the rc-branch in comparison to the case of Josephson junction without shunt. The experimental implementation of these effects might give very important advantages for existing methods and technologies.
Abstract Parametric amplification of a high-frequency radiation by point-like Josephson junctions in the cavity has been studied within a resistive model. It is shown numerically and analytically that near the subharmonic steps of the current–voltage characteristic there are areas of amplification of electromagnetic radiation. An one-dimensional array of the Josephson point junctions connected in series is treated. It is shown that the junctions in the array near the subharmonic steps of current–voltage characteristic are nonsynchronized and, accordingly, the amplification regions near the subharmonic steps of the array are missing.
Single crystals of layered high-temperature superconductors intrinsically behave as stacks of Josephson junctions. We analyze response of current-biased stack of intrinsic junctions to irradiation by the external electromagnetic (em) wave. In addition to well-known Shapiro steps in the current-voltage characteristics, irradiation promotes stimulated radiation which adds with spontaneous Josephson radiation from the crystal. Such enhancement of radiation from current-biased crystal may be used for amplification of em waves. Irradiation also facilitates synchronization of Josephson oscillations in all intrinsic Josephson junctions of a single crystal as well as oscillations in intrinsic junctions of different crystals.
We report an experimental and theoretical study of low-voltage resistive states observed in small tunnel Josephson junctions subject to microwave radiation. The observed features result from Shapiro steps in the current–voltage characteristics and appear when both thermal fluctuations and high frequency dissipation are strong. Without microwave radiation, Josephson junctions have a phase diffusion supercurrent branch characterized by a finite small resistance and hysteretic switching to a higher voltage range under these conditions. When microwave radiation is applied, three different types of resistive states are observed in the current-voltage characteristics. First, a phase diffusion branch steadily evolves and its maximum voltage Vm increases with the microwave power. Another interesting observed feature is a zero-crossing resistive state characterized by a negative resistance. Finally, we find that the low-voltage resistive state can split into numerous hysteretic fine branches resembling incoherent Shapiro-like steps. The appearance of a particular resistive state depends on the interrelations among the Josephson energy EJ, the energy kBT of thermal fluctuations, and the microwave frequency ω. A theoretical analysis based on incoherent multi-photon absorption by a junction biased in the Josephson phase diffusion regime is in good agreement with the experimental observations.