Quantum batteries represent a new and promising technological application of quantum mechanics, offering the potential for enhanced energy storage and fast charging. In this work, we study a quantum battery composed of three two-level systems with XXZ coupling operating under open boundary conditions. We investigate the role played by ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic initial configurations on the charging dynamics of the battery. Two charging mechanisms are explored: static charging, where the battery interacts with a constant classical external field, and harmonic charging, where the field oscillates periodically over time. Our results demonstrate that static charging can be more efficient in the ferromagnetic case, achieving maximum energy due to complete population inversion between the ground and excited states. In contrast, harmonic charging excels in the antiferromagnetic case. By analyzing the stored energy and the average charging power in these two regimes, we highlight the impact of anisotropy on the performance of quantum batteries. Our findings provide valuable insights for optimizing quantum battery performance based on the system's initial state and coupling configuration, paving the way for the study of more efficient quantum devices for energy storage.
Quantum batteries represent a new and promising technological application of quantum mechanics, offering the potential for enhanced energy storage and fast charging. In this work, we study a quantum battery composed of three two-level systems with XXZ coupling operating under open boundary conditions. We investigate the role played by ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic initial configurations on the charging dynamics of the battery. Two charging mechanisms are explored: static charging, where the battery interacts with a constant classical external field, and harmonic charging, where the field oscillates periodically over time. Our results demonstrate that static charging can be more efficient in the ferromagnetic case, achieving maximum energy due to complete population inversion between the ground and excited states. In contrast, harmonic charging excels in the antiferromagnetic case. By analyzing the stored energy and the average charging power in these two regimes, we highlight the impact of anisotropy on the performance of quantum batteries. Our findings provide valuable insights for optimizing quantum battery performance based on the system's initial state and coupling configuration, paving the way for the study of more efficient quantum devices for energy storage.
Abstract This study investigates the performance of a three-level quantum battery model, which aims to optimize the trade off between the high capacity of harmonic oscillators and the rapid charging of two-level systems. Utilizing a harmonic oscillator charger and a three-level holder, we analyze the impact of linear and quadratic driving protocols within an open quantum system framework. Our results show that linear driving yields a highly efficient charging process with an ergotropy to energy ratio near unity. On the other hands, the quadratic driving significantly enhances stored energy and peak charging power but introduces increased state mixedness that limits the extractable work. Furthermore, these findings highlight the necessity of balancing coupling strengths and driving nonlinearities to maximize the thermodynamic efficiency of the quantum battery.
While quantum batteries have been widely studied under static driving, their performance under periodic driving in many-body systems has received only limited attention. In this Letter, we uncover structural principles showing that many-body structure fundamentally determines the charging performance of a collective spin-1/2 quantum battery driven by a periodic Ising charger. In particular, interaction range, boundary conditions, system size, and integrability -- capturing graph connectivity, geometry, even-odd effects, and many-body dynamics -- emerge as critical factors for enhancing stored energy and charging power. First, we analyze how connectivity scaling and boundary geometry shape battery performance. We show that long-range interacting chargers exhibit superextensive energy storage, approaching the fundamental upper bound over broad ranges of driving periods and system sizes. In contrast, nearest-neighbor chargers achieve optimal charging only under finely tuned commensurability conditions. Moreover, we find that open boundary conditions (OBC) enhance robustness compared to periodic boundary conditions (PBC). Second, we examine the role of integrability under periodic driving. We demonstrate that nonintegrability enhances energy storage by suppressing conserved quantities and promoting ergodic Floquet dynamics, thereby enabling efficient population of the many-body spectrum. Through systematic structural optimization across multiple parameters, we identify long-range nonintegrability as a central resource for fast, scalable, and robust charging of collective quantum batteries. Our results clarify how structural features of many-body systems, together with periodic driving, can be harnessed to achieve efficient collective charging dynamics.
This study investigates the dynamical behaviour of a two-cell (two-atom) quantum battery driven by a two-mode charging field. We explore the influence of varying interaction strengths on the system?s performance. This includes increasing the coupling between cells and charging fields, and cells themselves through a dipole interaction and Ising interaction along the z-axis. Additionally, the impact of environmental effects is examined by incorporating decay terms for both the charging fields and the cells. Our analysis focuses on key performance metrics such as stored energy, average power, ergotropy, energy fluctuations, and quantum speed limit time. The results reveal that the environment negatively impacts stored energy, power, and ergotropy, but leads to higher speed limits. Enhanced coupling between the charging fields and the cells improves the studied correlations, promoting efficient energy transfer and decreasing speed limit time. Increasing the coupling between the cells, either via the dipole or Ising interaction, generally exhibits a similar effect. This involves a decrease in maximum achievable energy storage, accompanied by the emergence of more erratic energy fluctuations.
Abstract In this paper, we study the performance of a quantum battery composed of three non-interacting central qubits, which are charged through interactions with three distinct thermal baths, each bath consisting of interacting qubits. We utilize the Holstein-Primakoff transformation and thermodynamic limits to map the collective spin operators of the baths to bosonic modes. Additionally, we employ the finite trio coherent state as the initial state for the charging process to explore its impact on the overall system performance. The study focuses on evaluating the stored energy efficiency and the entropy of the charger modes to assess the overall charging performance. By examining the system parameters such as anisotropy, dimension and shift parameters, and the intensity of the trio coherent state, the optimal conditions for efficient energy storage are identified. Our results provided the role of thermodynamic processes and quantum correlations in enhancing the performance of our quantum battery model.
Quantum batteries are energy storage or extraction devices in a quantum system. Here, we present a closed-loop quantum battery by utilizing a circularly coupled three-state quantum system, and investigate its charging dynamics. The charging performance is greatly improved due to the existence of the third field in the system to form a closed-contour interaction. Through appropriately selecting the third control field, the maximum average power can be increased, even far beyond the ideal maximum power value of non-closed-loop three-level quantum battery. We study the effect of the global driving-field phase on the charging process and find that both the maximum extractable work (“ergotropy”) and the charging power vary periodically under different control fields, with a period of . Possible experimental implementation in nitrogen-vacancy spin is discussed as well.
Abstract Quantum control allows us to address the problem of engineering quantum dynamics for special purposes. While recently the field of quantum batteries has attracted much attention, optimization of their charging has not benefited from the quantum control methods. Here we fill this gap by using an optimization method. We apply for the first time the convergent iterative method for the control of the population of a bipartite quantum system in two cases, starting with a qubit-qubit case. The quantum charger-battery system is considered here, where the energy is pumped into the charger by an external classical electromagnetic field. Secondly, we systematically extend our investigation to a second case involving two harmonic oscillators in the Gaussian regime, presenting an original formulation of the method. In both cases, the charger is considered to be an open dissipative system, as its interaction with the drive may require a more pronounced exposure to general interaction with environment. A key consideration in our optimization strategy is the practical concern of turning the charging external field on and off. We find that optimizing the pulse shape yields a substantial enhancement in both the power and efficiency of the charging process compared to a sinusoidal drive. The harmonic oscillator configuration of quantum batteries is particularly intriguing, as the optimal driving pulse remains effective regardless of the environmental temperature. This study introduces a novel approach to quantum battery charging optimization, opening avenues for enhanced performance in real-world applications.