Medical image security is crucial for patient confidentiality because it is exposed to many attacks, such as editing photos or moving the affected part to another place, and others. Encryption is an efficient technique to protect the confidentiality of images, but traditional encryption suffers from brute-force attacks. This research proposes an encryption method depending on quantum concepts to resist brute-force attacks using a 3D logistic map to generate keys; the keys were scrambled to increase the randomness, and using the best image scrambling scheme generated by a genetic algorithm as a first stage to increase the strength of the encryption algorithm. The quantum scrambled image is then encrypted by using XOR process depending on a 3D logistic map key generator. The proposed encrypting and decrypting algorithm utilize a NEQR quantum image representation. Numerical and simulation analyses using MATLAB demonstrate that the suggested encryption algorithm is robust, realizable, and highly efficient in comparison to its classical equivalent.
Medical image security is crucial for patient confidentiality because it is exposed to many attacks, such as editing photos or moving the affected part to another place, and others. Encryption is an efficient technique to protect the confidentiality of images, but traditional encryption suffers from brute-force attacks. This research proposes an encryption method depending on quantum concepts to resist brute-force attacks using a 3D logistic map to generate keys; the keys were scrambled to increase the randomness, and using the best image scrambling scheme generated by a genetic algorithm as a first stage to increase the strength of the encryption algorithm. The quantum scrambled image is then encrypted by using XOR process depending on a 3D logistic map key generator. The proposed encrypting and decrypting algorithm utilize a NEQR quantum image representation. Numerical and simulation analyses using MATLAB demonstrate that the suggested encryption algorithm is robust, realizable, and highly efficient in comparison to its classical equivalent.
Security of medical media is important for patient safety and confidentiality. This paper proposes a framework for the chaos-based quantum encryption of healthcare images. In the framework, healthcare staff in one location send cipher images to the cloud. The healthcare staff in another location receives the images from the cloud. By decrypting the content of the images, the healthcare staff can assist users in a secure manner. This paper also proposes a novel approach for the efficient quantum image encryption of healthcare media. The proposed algorithm utilizes gray code and a chaotic map. The quantum image is scrambled by quantum gray code. Then, the scrambled quantum image is encrypted using a quantum XOR operation based on a key generator controlled by the logistic-sine map. The circuits of the proposed encryption/decryption algorithm are devised based on an NEQR quantum image representation. Numerical and simulation analyses show that the proposed quantum image encryption approach is robust, realizable, and has high efficiency compared with its classical counterpart.
In this paper, a quantum image encryption scheme is proposed by using the inter–intra bit-level permutation strategy. The image to be encrypted is first represented by a novel enhanced quantum representation model, and then, the intra and inter permutation operations are successively performed on bit planes. The intra bit permutation is achieved by sorting chaotic sequence, and the inter bit permutation is accomplished with qubit XOR operations between the two selected bit planes. The ciphertext image is finally obtained through a chaotic diffusion procedure implemented with a quantum image XOR operation. The XOR operation is realized by controlled- NOT gates, which is controlled by a chaotic sequence generated with a logistic map. The parameters of the logistic map are sensitive, which makes the key space large enough to resist brute-force attack. The proposed scheme not only modifies the pixel positions and gray values but also makes the bit distribution more uniform. The quantum circuits for the proposed encryption algorithm are devised. The simulation results and theoretical analysis show that the proposed method is more efficient than its classical counterpart, and its security is verified by the statistical analysis, keys sensitivity, and key space analysis.
Abstract Ensuring the security and privacy of patient data in e‐healthcare systems that rely on cloud computation is of utmost importance. Traditional encryption is no longer resistant to quantum attacks and safeguards sensitive medical images. To tackle this issue, robust security countermeasures are proposed by integrating quantum encryption with a cloud‐based healthcare system. The encryption scheme utilizes the Generalized Novel Enhancement Quantum Representation (GNEQR) and the Novel Enhancement Quantum Representation (NEQR) to provide a framework for representing color and grayscale healthcare images. The proposed quantum algorithm uses quantum logic for image scrambling, which is combined with the encryption key by the Xor quantum gate. The encryption key is generated by 9D chaotic and permutated before encryption. Finally, channel re‐ordering is applied for color images. The simulation results for 15 medical tests with an encryption key space >2600 on a developed e‐healthcare system demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed work where the average number of pixels change rates was 99.82, while the unified average change intensity rate was 33.51, entropy was 7.9, the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal correlation coefficients averaged 0.000533333, 0.000706667, and 0.00076, respectively. Finally, the mean squared error (MSE) between the original and encrypted images was 10203.72. These findings improve digital healthcare by revealing the solutions' performance, security, and efficacy.
Abstract On the basis of using quantum NEQR (novel enhanced quantum representation of digital image) to display images, a dual chaos system based on quantum logistic mapping is proposed to encrypt quantum images to ensure the security of quantum image transmission. The encryption algorithm is based on quantum logistic mapping and Chen chaos system to generate chaotic sequences, and uses quantum rotation gate operations to rotate and transform each pixel of the quantum image to achieve the effect of image encryption. Traditional quantum image encryption usually uses classical randomly generated sequences to construct the encryption angle of the quantum rotating door. This method combines the randomness of measured quantum with the chaotic system to obtain a truly random sequence. Using this random sequence can better Keep images confidential. Experimental results show that this method has high security and sensitivity to keys. In the sensitivity analysis of the results of the simulation experiment, its NPCR (Number of Pixels Change Rate) values floated around 99.60%. In the field of image encryption, the reliability of image encryption is greatly enhanced.
In the age of digital technology, medical images play an important role in the healthcare industry, which aids surgeons in making precise decisions and reducing the diagnosis time. However, the storage of large amounts of these images in third-party cloud services raises privacy and security concerns. There are a lot of classical security mechanisms to protect them. Although, the advent of quantum computing entails the development of quantum-based encryption models for healthcare. There is a significant demand for resource-efficient, quantum-secure image encryption mechanisms that leverage existing classical infrastructure. Hence, in this paper, a novel quantum chaos-based encryption scheme for medical images has been introduced. The model utilizes bit-plane scrambling, a 3D quantum logistic map, quantum operations in the diffusion phase, a hybrid chaotic map, and DNA encoding in the confusion phase to transform the plain medical image into a cipher medical image. The proposed scheme has been evaluated using multiple statistical analyses and validated against more attacks such as differential attacks, known and chosen plaintext attacks with three different medical datasets, and theoretically, as well. Hence, the introduced encryption model has proved to be more attack-resistant and robust than other existing image encryption schemes, ensuring the secure storage of medical images in cloud environments.
Image scrambling methods are necessary for original image processes in applications of quantum image processing like quantum image encryption, which increases the strength of the encryption process, and the resulting image is difficult to identify and detect its details.As well as obtain a high entropy value and a histogram with a uniform peak for the encrypted image.Most researches focus on scrambling the position only or the value only; however, the quantum image scrambling researches focused on scrambling both position and value together is few.The idea of the study is developing a genetic algorithm to generate different schemes of scrambling based on the fast and elementary schemes with changing the quantum logical gate (NOT / C-Not) to get the best scheme that meets the requirements such as the cost, the complexity or the type of the image.One of the essential benefits of the proposed work is developing a general framework for the automatic generation of a suitable scrambling scheme based on image type, method, and logical circuit.The tests are simulated using MATLAB.The result confirms that hybrid value/position schemes with a C-Not gate have an entropy value close to 8 and a flat histogram.It is implicated that this framework will benefit many researchers in selecting the most appropriate scrambling method for their works.