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Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies

Quantum Safe Proxy Blind Signature Protocol Based on 3D Entangled GHZ‐Type States

Sunil Prajapat, Mohammad S. Obaidat, Vivek Bharmaik, Garima Thakur, Pankaj Kumar

Published Apr 24, 2025• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT As quantum technology advances, classical digital signatures exhibit vulnerabilities in preserving security properties during the transmission of information. Working toward a reliable communication protocol, we introduce a proxy blind signature scheme to teleport a single particle qubit state with a message to the receiver, employing a three qubit GHZ entangled state. The blindness property is utilized to secure the message information from the proxy signer. A trusted party, Trent, is introduced to supervise the communication process. Alice blinds the original message and sends the Bell measurements with her entangled particle to proxy signer Charlie. After receiving measurements from Alice and Charlie, Bob verifies the proxy blind signature and performs appropriate unitary operations on his particle. Thereafter, Trent verifies the security of the quantum teleportation setup by matching the output data with the original data sent by Alice. Security analysis results prove that the proposed scheme fulfils the basic security necessities, including undeniability, unforgeability, blindness, verifiability, and traceability.

DOI
10.1002/ett.70140

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ABSTRACT As quantum technology advances, classical digital signatures exhibit vulnerabilities in preserving security properties during the transmission of information. Working toward a reliable communication protocol, we introduce a proxy blind signature scheme to teleport a single particle qubit state with a message to the receiver, employing a three qubit GHZ entangled state. The blindness property is utilized to secure the message information from the proxy signer. A trusted party, Trent, is introduced to supervise the communication process. Alice blinds the original message and sends the Bell measurements with her entangled particle to proxy signer Charlie. After receiving measurements from Alice and Charlie, Bob verifies the proxy blind signature and performs appropriate unitary operations on his particle. Thereafter, Trent verifies the security of the quantum teleportation setup by matching the output data with the original data sent by Alice. Security analysis results prove that the proposed scheme fulfils the basic security necessities, including undeniability, unforgeability, blindness, verifiability, and traceability.
With the advancement of quantum cryptography, proxy blind signature technology combines the message concealment of blind signatures with the delegation of authority inherent in proxy signatures, thereby simultaneously ensuring message privacy and the controlled delegation of signing authority, and playing a critical role in numerous fields. This paper proposes a quantum proxy blind signature protocol based on quantum teleportation. This protocol has the following features: First, by simplifying the keys and the encryption process and using a pseudorandom number generator and quantum state permutations to perform encryption, we avoid complex unitary transformations, thereby significantly lowering the technical barrier. Second, by employing high-capacity quantum encoding — where a two-particle quantum state encodes three classical bits — the information capacity of a single communication session is significantly increased. Finally, we propose the “local operation, global signature” paradigm, in which the surrogate need only manipulate a single entangled particle to achieve a global signature through nonlocality, while the verifier recovers the message via a joint measurement. This approach conserves quantum resources and simplifies the verification process. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol can ensure blindness, satisfy the requirements of unforgeability and undeniability, and effectively resistance to interception-retransmission attacks.
In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum proxy blind signature scheme using quantum teleportation based on χ states, where the original message owner, proxy signer, and third party are quantum participants with complete quantum capabilities, while the original signer and signature verifier are semiquantum participants with limited quantum capabilities. Our protocol not only has complete blindness, unforgeability, and nonrepudiation, but it also resists the attack behavior of an eavesdropper. Because of the limited quantum capabilities of the original signer and signature verifier, our protocol does not require them to prepare and measure the quantum superposition and quantum entangled states when used in practical applications. Hence, our protocol can reduce the burden of quantum state preparation and measurement for the original signer and signature verifier.
Abstract When the original signer is unable to sign and the proxy signer does not know the information content, proxy blind signature comes into being and becomes a hot topic in cryptography research. This paper combines the methods of proxy blind signature, controlled quantum teleportation and multi-party verification, and proposes a multi-party verifiable quantum proxy blind signature scheme based on controlled quantum teleportation. This scheme has the following features: using a Hash function shared by all participants for authentication can effectively solve the problem of identity identification among members; in order to facilitate the original signer to ensure the security of proxy authorization, the quantum proxy signature authorization form is used to generate quantum states with mutual unbiased fundamental particles. The security analysis shows that the scheme is unforgeable and undeniable, and can resist intercept-forgery attack and collusive attack.
We present a scheme for teleporting an unknown, two-particle entangled state with a message from a sender (Alice) to a receiver (Bob) via a six-particle entangled channel. We also present another scheme for teleporting an unknown one-particle entangled state with a message transmitted in a two-way form between the same sender and receiver via a five-qubit cluster state. One-way hash functions, Bell-state measurements, and unitary operations are adopted in these two schemes. Our schemes use the physical characteristics of quantum mechanics to implement delegation, signature, and verification processes. Moreover, a quantum key distribution protocol and a one-time pad are adopted in these schemes.
A strong blind quantum signature protocol was presented based on secret sharing.In this protocol,the three pho-tons of each GHZ(Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger)triplet are delivered to the message owner Alice,signatory Trent and verifier Bob respectively.Alice measures her photon to blind her message while Trent measures his photon to sign the blinded message,and then Bob verifies the signature according to the measuring results of his photon under the relationship of GHZ states.However,Bob's ac-tions are restricted by the quantum fingerprints and the audit program.Our protocol ensures that the signature is blind and the mes-sage owner is untraceable.Moreover,its security was not influenced by the computational resource of attackers.
Quantum teleportation and entanglement-based quantum blind signature protocol were promising new technologies for secure communication between security service bases. They were secure against a variety of attacks, including eavesdropping, signatory disavowal, verifier denial, and forgery. The protocol worked by using quantum entanglement to create a shared secret state between the security service bases. This shared secret state was then used to generate a quantum signature for each message sent between the bases. The signature was then verified by the receiving base using the shared secret state. Compared to classical blind signature schemes, the main advantages of the quantum entanglement-based quantum blind signature protocol were its information-theoretic security and reduced complexity and noise. However, this protocol also faced some challenges, such as preparing and storing entangled states, performing quantum operations and measurements, and ensuring the trustworthiness of the third party. Despite these challenges, the quantum entanglement-based quantum blind signature protocol was a promising new technology for secure communication between security service like military bases. It had the potential to revolutionize the way that military bases communicated with each other, making it possible to send secure messages without revealing the content or identity of the messages.