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Turbulence-bearing analytical solution of Madelung equations for arbitrary domain shape, dimensionality, and Cauchy data by modified Cole-Hopf solution of Schrödinger equation

Alan Clark Longfellow

Published Apr 21, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In light of a recently discovered general solution to the Schrödinger equation in an arbitrary integer-dimensional real domain with arbitrary initial conditions, boundary conditions, and quantum mechanical potential via a modified Cole-Hopf transform, a solution of the Madelung equations of equal generality is derived in this work. After a sufficient degree of mathematical context is established by a brief recapitulation of the solution of the Schrödinger equation, the derivation of the Madelung equations from first principles proves that a general Madelung flow field is implied by a general Schrödinger wave function through illustration of the mathematical essence of the quantities in the Madelung equations. The solution follows by a decomposition of the newly found general wave function into its polar form and its substitution into the definitions of the Madelung flow velocity and density, and a transfer from wave function initial and boundary conditions to density and velocity boundary conditions. The transfer between the complex scalar-valued wave function and the real vector-valued velocity field is achieved by a conditional inversion of the gradient operator. Plots of the velocity and vorticity take mere milliseconds to generate on consumer hardware via an enclosed GNU Octave script and show highly turbulent patterns consistent with the laws of quantum mechanics, showing that this analytical Madelung solution possesses unprecedented ability to deterministically replicate quantum turbulence without any numerical methods at all, effectively democratizing the study of quantum turbulence with its internal structure and mathematical origin. This Madelung solution paves the way to equally general solutions of unsolved problems in classical fluid mechanics including the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, whose methods and analyses including existence and smoothness are expounded in works currently in production by the author.

DOI
10.31219/osf.io/t5upb_v1

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In light of a recently discovered general solution to the Schrödinger equation in an arbitrary integer-dimensional real domain with arbitrary initial conditions, boundary conditions, and quantum mechanical potential via a modified Cole-Hopf transform, a solution of the Madelung equations of equal generality is derived in this work. After a sufficient degree of mathematical context is established by a brief recapitulation of the solution of the Schrödinger equation, the derivation of the Madelung equations from first principles proves that a general Madelung flow field is implied by a general Schrödinger wave function through illustration of the mathematical essence of the quantities in the Madelung equations. The solution follows by a decomposition of the newly found general wave function into its polar form and its substitution into the definitions of the Madelung flow velocity and density, and a transfer from wave function initial and boundary conditions to density and velocity boundary conditions. The transfer between the complex scalar-valued wave function and the real vector-valued velocity field is achieved by a conditional inversion of the gradient operator. Plots of the velocity and vorticity take mere milliseconds to generate on consumer hardware via an enclosed GNU Octave script and show highly turbulent patterns consistent with the laws of quantum mechanics, showing that this analytical Madelung solution possesses unprecedented ability to deterministically replicate quantum turbulence without any numerical methods at all, effectively democratizing the study of quantum turbulence with its internal structure and mathematical origin. This Madelung solution paves the way to equally general solutions of unsolved problems in classical fluid mechanics including the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, whose methods and analyses including existence and smoothness are expounded in works currently in production by the author.
The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that describes the temporal evolution of the state of a quantum mechanical system. One of the pillars of quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation has been used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such as wave-particle duality, atomic orbitals, quantum oscillations, and even some fluid mechanics problems. Despite its established importance in the development of quantum mechanics, a solution of the Schrödinger equation for an arbitrary distribution of quantum mechanical potential or for an arbitrary number of space dimensions remains unknown. This work seeks to rectify this theoretical roadblock by providing an analytical solution through a recasting of the well-known Cole-Hopf transformation which is used to linearize a broad class of PDEs of which the Schrödinger equation becomes a member after an earlier change of variables. These two successive transformations render the general wave function proportional to the solution of a forced heat equation, allowing an explicit analytical solution applicable to any system in any number of space dimensions. Two practical applications to deriving the explicit wave functions of multielectronic atoms and to the forced Burgers equation of fluid mechanics are discussed, enabling greater mathematical insight into quantum entanglement and nonlinear fluid systems.
The mass and momentum transfer phenomena in a compressible fluid represented by the Navier–Stokes equations are shown to convert into the Schrödinger equation for quantum mechanics. The complete Navier–Stokes equations render into an extended generalized version of Schrödinger equation. These results complement the Madelung’s (Zeitschrift für Physik 40 (3–4), pp. 322–326, 1926–1927) derivations that show how Schrödinger’s equation in quantum mechanics can be converted into the Euler equations for irrotational compressible flow. The theoretical results presented here join the classical Madelung paper to suggest the possibility that quantum effects at sub-atomic levels deal with a compressible fluid susceptible to wave propagation, rather than a particle. The link between such a fluid and the “quantum particle” is under current investigation.
We construct a Madelung fluid model with specific time variable parameters as dissipative quantum fluid and linearize it in terms of Schrodinger equation with time dependent parameters. It allows us to find exact solutions of the nonlinear Madelung system in terms of solutions of the Schrodinger equation and the corresponding classical linear ODE with variable frequency and damping. For the complex velocity field the Madelung system takes the form of a nonlinear complex Schrodinger-Burgers equation, for which we obtain exact solutions using complex Cole-Hopf transformation. In particular, we discuss and give exact results for nonlinear Madelung systems related with Caldirola-Kanai type dissipative harmonic oscillator.
Simulating fluid dynamics on a quantum computer is intrinsically difficult due to the nonlinear and non-Hamiltonian nature of the Navier-Stokes equation (NSE). We propose a framework for quantum computing of fluid dynamics based on the hydrodynamic Schr\"odinger equation (HSE), which can be promising in simulating three-dimensional turbulent flows in various engineering applications. The HSE is derived by generalizing the Madelung transform to compressible or incompressible flows with finite vorticity and dissipation. Since the HSE is expressed as a unitary operator on a two-component wave function, it is more suitable than the NSE for quantum computing. The flow governed by the HSE can resemble a turbulent flow consisting of tangled vortex tubes with the five-thirds scaling of energy spectrum. We develop a prediction-correction quantum algorithm to solve the HSE. This algorithm is implemented for simple flows on the quantum simulator Qiskit with partial exponential speedup.
In incompressible flow the viscous force is solenoidal, whereas the Madelung transform of a spinless Schrödinger equation produces only gradient forces. The two are orthogonal, so viscosity cannot arise from Hamiltonian quantum mechanics alone; an open quantum treatment is required. Reducing the NNN-body density matrix to its one-body component and closing the dynamics via Born-Markov yields Lindblad jump operators with k2k^2k2 scattering rates, which we unravel via quantum state diffusion (QSD) into a norm-preserving stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Dissipation and stochastic forcing are not separate ingredients: both come from the same Lindblad operators, and their amplitudes are locked by the QSD structure. The Madelung transform of this equation, under incompressibility, gives a stochastic Navier-Stokes equation whose viscosity is set by the mean free path and whose noise correlator satisfies the fluctuation-dissipation relation by construction, in agreement with the Landau-Lifshitz framework. The recovery is conditional: the viscous identification holds at the ensemble level via the vortex decomposition of the velocity field; the single-trajectory identification remains open. The zeros of the wavefunction carry quantised circulation; their codimension-2 topology yields the Migdal area law for circulation statistics under a Poisson assumption, here through a different mechanism than the loop-functional saddle point and verified numerically even in the quantum regime where the de~Broglie length exceeds the Kolmogorov scale.
We construct a Madelung fluid model with time variable parameters as a dissipative quantum fluid and linearize it in terms of Schrödinger equation with time-dependent parameters. It allows us to find exact solutions of the nonlinear Madelung system in terms of solutions of the Schrödinger equation and the corresponding classical linear ordinary differential equation with variable frequency and damping. For the complex velocity field, the Madelung system takes the form of a nonlinear complex Schrödinger–Burgers equation, for which we obtain exact solutions using complex Cole–Hopf transformation. In particular, we give exact results for nonlinear Madelung systems related with Caldirola–Kanai-type dissipative harmonic oscillator. Collapse of the wave function in dissipative models and possible implications for the quantum cosmology are discussed.