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Physica Scripta

Generation and characterization of 420 nm vortex bessel beam with tunable orbital angular momentum

Nawaz Sarif Mallick

Published Apr 14, 2025• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This study presents a theoretical exploration of generating 420 nm Bessel-Gaussian beam with orbital angular momentum (OAM) via nonlinear processes in a four-level 85 Rb atomic system. A non-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) configuration, driven by two strong control fields at wavelengths 780 nm and 776 nm along with a weak field, enables the generation of the desired blue Bessel-Gaussian beam. Our analysis examines how the Bessel-Gaussian properties of the initial beams including intensity, phase profiles, and topological charges are transferred into the generated 420 nm beam at specific transverse positions. Using Maxwell’s wave equations, we explicitly explore how these spatial profiles evolve with varying topological charges over different propagation distances, providing deeper insights into Bessel-Gaussian information transfer mechanisms. The generation and characterization of 420 nm structured beam highlight promising applications, particularly in the precise manipulation of microparticles, due to their enhanced resolution and superior trapping abilities. This comprehensive theoretical framework establishes a foundation for future experimental and applied research in optical manipulation and high-resolution imaging.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/adcc64

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physics.opticsCross-listedarXiv:2601.06579•Physica Scripta•Jan 13, 2026•2 citations
Abstract This study presents a theoretical exploration of generating 420 nm Bessel-Gaussian beam with orbital angular momentum (OAM) via nonlinear processes in a four-level 85 Rb atomic system. A non-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) configuration, driven by two strong control fields at wavelengths 780 nm and 776 nm along with a weak field, enables the generation of the desired blue Bessel-Gaussian beam. Our analysis examines how the Bessel-Gaussian properties of the initial beams including intensity, phase profiles, and topological charges are transferred into the generated 420 nm beam at specific transverse positions. Using Maxwell’s wave equations, we explicitly explore how these spatial profiles evolve with varying topological charges over different propagation distances, providing deeper insights into Bessel-Gaussian information transfer mechanisms. The generation and characterization of 420 nm structured beam highlight promising applications, particularly in the precise manipulation of microparticles, due to their enhanced resolution and superior trapping abilities. This comprehensive theoretical framework establishes a foundation for future experimental and applied research in optical manipulation and high-resolution imaging.
We explore the generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying mid-infrared Bessel-Gaussian beams through nonlinear interactions within a non-uniformly broadened 85 Rb atomic ensemble. Utilizing an efficient four-wave mixing (FWM) scheme driven by two strong control fields and a weak probe field, we achieve coherent emission at a wavelength of 5.23 µm. By employing the density matrix approach, we obtain an analytical expression for the nonlinear atomic coherence involved in the four-wave mixing process, elucidating how the Bessel-Gaussian profile of the probe field is transferred into the mid-infrared signal. Numerical simulations of Maxwell’s wave equation ensure the generation of phase-matched, non-diffracting Bessel-Gaussian beams, which can be precisely controlled by manipulating the spatial susceptibility of the atomic medium. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the potential of higher-order Bessel-Gaussian beams with OAM to significantly advance applications in high-speed communication, biomedical imaging, and optical manipulation, owing to their robust beam integrity and enhanced data transmission capabilities in the mid-infrared spectrum.
We investigate the generation of mid-infrared (mid-IR) vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) through nonlinear processes in an inhomogeneously broadened 85 Rb atomic ensemble. By employing a four-level atomic system featuring two strong control fields and a weak probe field, we generate a non-degenerate four-wave mixing signal at a wavelength of 5.23 µm. Applying the density-matrix formalism, we derive an analytical expression for the nonlinear atomic coherence which facilitates the transfer of vortex characteristics such as topological charge and intensity and phase profiles from the probe field to the mid-IR signal. Numerical solutions of Maxwell’s wave equation confirm the generation of mid-IR vortex beams with adjustable topological charges and beam widths at different spatial positions. This technique offers significant potential for applications in mid-IR communication, providing additional bandwidth and improved data transmission rates, as well as in fields such as microfluidics, biophysics, and nanotechnology, where OAM-carrying beams can manipulate microparticles with precision.
Airy vortex beams, which integrate orbital angular momentum with diffraction-resistant and self-accelerating characteristics of Airy beams, offer unique capabilities for high-capacity optical communication and high-resolution imaging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation and manipulation of frequency-converted Airy vortex beams through four-wave mixing in hot Rb vapor. A 780 nm vortex beam and a 776 nm two-dimensional Airy beam coherently participate in the four-wave mixing process, generating a 420 nm output beam that combines the orbital angular momentum of the vortex beam with the spatial structure of the Airy beam. The generated beam exhibits pronounced quasi-nondiffracting propagation and self-acceleration, with an intensity decay rate reduced by a factor of ∼1.88 relative to the input vortex beam and a transverse acceleration ∼1.84 times that of the input Airy beam. Moreover, both the intensity and the spatial profile of the generated beam are flexibly manipulated by varying the Rb vapor temperature and the pump beam power. This work provides a versatile approach for generating and controlling structured light at what we believe are new wavelengths, opening opportunities for short-wavelength optical manipulation and optical information processing.
Abstract The manipulation of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) contributes to understand the OAM multiplexing, is significant in free-space optical communication and information processing. We theoretically simulate and experimentally demonstrate the regularity of the OAM transfer, including the angular and radial modes, of Laguerre–Gaussian beam via four-wave mixing process in 85Rb vapor. The 420 nm coherent blue light output field inherits the phase characteristic of 780 nm and 776 nm beams with different OAM modes. The output field OAM modes show the transfer as a typical arithmetic operation of the input field OAM modes with equal-handed angular indice l, while, the conversion between angular and radial modes occurs with the opposite angular indice l. Such rules of the OAM transfer and manipulation have implications on the research of high-capacity information transfer and quantum communication.
We theoretically study the generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) based on the four-wave mixing process in a diamond-type homogeneously broadened 85 R b atomic system. We use density matrix formalism at a weak field limit to explain the origin of vortex translation between different optical fields and a generated signal. We show how the singularities, which are omnipresent in the phases of the input optical vortex beams, can be profoundly mapped to atomic coherence in the transverse plane, which holds the origin of OAM translation. This translation process works well even for a moderately intense probe and control field, which enhances medium nonlinearity. The generation and manipulation of OAM of the light beam in a nonlinear medium may have important applications in optical tweezers and quantum information processing systems.
Vortex light, a unique optical field that carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of OAM transfer from the input field to the generated signal field in a four-level double-Lambda system via the four-wave mixing (FWM) process, showing that their OAMs follow a specific algebraic relationship. We identify the optimal conditions for efficient vortex light transmission, analyze the influence of detuning on transmission efficiency and phase distortion, and specifically examine the scenario where the control field carries OAM the latter being essential for a complete characterization of OAM conservation in the FWM process, while all three aspects have been largely overlooked in the existing literature. Furthermore, we investigated the tunability of the group velocity between the probe and signal fields by modulating the Rabi frequencies of the two control fields and the relative phase between the probe and signal fields during the FWM process. We demonstrate that the conversion between matched vortex slow and fast light can be realized an effect that has not been widely explored in dual-Lambda-type systems. These results may hold promise for applications in quantum information storage and processing, quantum computing, and ultrasensitive detection.