The article examines the current level of quantum technologies development worldwide and specifically in Russia. Currently, the quantum technology market is in the formative stage and a limited number of countries produce competitive samples. Quantum innovations can upend a number of industries, and the possession of such technologies may give a significant boost to the development of the national economy. Despite external constraints and economic uncertainty, Russia remains a significant player in the emerging industry. With an extensive research base and some unique developments, Russia can occupy an important niche in the market and get closer to the industry leaders such as the United States and China. The study identified potential directions for the further development of quantum technologies in Russia and the ways to achieve the established goals.
The article examines the current level of quantum technologies development worldwide and specifically in Russia. Currently, the quantum technology market is in the formative stage and a limited number of countries produce competitive samples. Quantum innovations can upend a number of industries, and the possession of such technologies may give a significant boost to the development of the national economy. Despite external constraints and economic uncertainty, Russia remains a significant player in the emerging industry. With an extensive research base and some unique developments, Russia can occupy an important niche in the market and get closer to the industry leaders such as the United States and China. The study identified potential directions for the further development of quantum technologies in Russia and the ways to achieve the established goals.
Quantum communication is among the key segments of the data economy in Russia and of the digital economy in China. Both countries are developing legal frameworks for the quantum communication. In Russia, this process takes place predominantly at the federal level, whereas China has an integrated regulatory system in which provinces with advancing quantum technologies also play an active role in adopting legal instruments for their regulation. The article analyses the specific features of provincial-level regulation of quantum communication in China. Particular emphasis is placed on the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, and specifically on measures to support and develop quantum technologies that have been approved by its Administrative Committee—the “Measures for Promoting the Development of Quantum Science and Industry in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area.” The article further examines regulation in Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou, in Anhui Province and the Hefei High-Tech Zone, as well as in other provinces (Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangdong). These jurisdictions focus predominantly working out specific measures to stimulate and advance technologies, aimed at achieving their world-class level, which in turn presupposes a systematic approach. Recently, the Russian economy has seen the implementation of several projects involving the creation and use of quantum communication and related equipment, some of them have been introduced at the level of Russia’s regions. Under the Russian Constitution, matters concerning communications and information technology fall within federal jurisdiction. Since regions have not been vested with the corresponding powers, they may regulate only supportive activities for innovative projects in this field. By comparing China’s integrated, province-level regulation with Russia’s primarily federal-level framework, the article provides an understanding of how both countries legally support the development of quantum communication. While adopting a comparative perspective, the analysis places particular emphasis on China’s regulatory architecture and province-level practices. This analysis reveals common challenges and distinct pathways in designing legal mechanisms for quantum technologies in different constitutional settings.
Abstract Remarkable advancements in the ability to create, manipulate, and measure quantum systems are paving the way to build next generations of devices based on quantum physics. Quantum technologies in Russia are on the list of strategically important cross-cutting directions in the framework of the National Technology Initiative programs and the Digital Economy National Program. The broad focus includes quantum computing and simulation, quantum communications, quantum metrology and sensing. This paper reviews existing research on quantum science and technologies in Russia and summarizes the main goals for the next few years that form the basis of an upcoming major national initiative.
The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of quantum communications as one of the key varieties of quantum technologies. The analysis of the definitions of “quantum communications” available in the current legislation is carried out, their legal nature as a variety of information and digital technologies is determined. The legal concept of “quantum communications” is formulated. The current legislation in the field of quantum communications is analyzed. The main directions of legal regulation of quantum communications in Russia, the key problems that arise in this case are identified. The development of the Concept of regulatory legal regulation of the quantum communications industry in the Russian Federation is proposed. The analysis of the legal regulation of relations arising in connection with the use of quantum communications indicates a clear lack of methodological support for these processes, the absence of a unified approach to understanding what constitutes “quantum communications”, how it is necessary to develop Russian legislation to ensure the breakthrough introduction of quantum communications. An analysis of the regulation of the quantum communications industry in the world indicates that regulation at the level of strategies, concepts, road-maps and development programs is predominant in this process. An important mechanism of state regulation of the development of quantum communications is the state financing of support for projects in the field of quantum communications. The authors have identified several approaches that have developed abroad to the regulation of quantum technologies, including quantum communications, at the level of strategic regulation. The key promising issues in the field of quantum communications that have found legal regulation in foreign countries, which can be applied in Russia, are identified. The key measures of state support for the quantum communications industry, which should find regulatory reflection in the near future, are identified and systematized.
Quantum technologies attracted much attention for their disruptive potential in last two decades.The article analyzes the worldwide patent landscape for quantum technologies based on data extracted from Derwent Innovation and Web of Science.The quantum technologies were grouped into three distinct technology areas of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing, to demonstrate detailed development and trends respectively.It shows that quantum technology is a highly competitive research field, and United States, China and Japan are the most prominent countries, in particular China made a great progress in recent years.United States has a significant advantage in the field of quantum computing, which is the most promising field, meanwhile China has a significant advantage in the field of quantum communication and succeeds in launching a quantum satellite.
The article examines the impact of quantum technologies on innovation processes in the global economy. It analyzes the critical aspects of integrating quantum technologies in various sectors of the economy, particularly in the financial, health care, production, and IT spheres. Theoretical models and empirical data confirming how quantum technologies can accelerate innovation processes, increase research efficiency, and create new economic opportunities are considered. The article also provides practical recommendations for strategic planning and management of innovation processes in the conditions of the quantum revolution. Special attention is paid to the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and cooperation between business and the state. The author noted that the modern economy is on the threshold of a new era, where quantum technologies play a decisive role, which represents a new class of tools capable of radically changing traditional approaches to data processing, security, and computing. Quantum computers, quantum cryptography and quantum communication open opportunities for the economy that can accelerate the development of new materials, optimize logistics chains and increase the level of data security. At the same time, the article highlights the need to develop global standards in the field of quantum technologies. The results of the research will contribute to a better understanding of the potential of quantum technologies to stimulate innovation and increase the competitiveness of the economy. Keywords: quantum technologies, global economy, innovation processes, quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum modeling, quantum communication, economic models, quantum algorithms, cyber security, logistics optimization, risk management, economic growth, financial markets, health care, production, quantum networks, development strategies, digital economy, technological revolution.
In the early decades of the 20th century, the inception of quantum mechanics catalyzed the first quantum revolution, resulting in groundbreaking technological advances, such as nuclear energy, semiconductors, lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, superconductivity, and global satellite positioning systems. These innovations have promoted significant progress in material civilization, fundamentally changed the way of life and societal landscape of humanity. Since the 1990s, quantum control technology has made significant strides forward, ushering in a rapid evolution of quantum technologies, notably exemplified by quantum information science. This encompasses domains such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement, offering paradigm-shifting solutions for enhancing information transmission security, accelerating computational speed, and elevating measurement precision. These advances hold the potential to provide crucial underpinning for national security and the high-quality development of the national economy. The swift progression of quantum information technology heralds the advent of the second quantum revolution. Following nearly three decades of concerted efforts, China’s quantum information technology field as a whole has achieved a leap. Specifically, China presently assumes a prominent international role in both the research and practical application of quantum communication, leading the global domain in quantum computing, and achieving international preeminence or advanced standing across various facets of quantum precision measurement. Presently, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the developmental priorities in the realm of quantum information in China for the forthcoming 5 to 10 years, in alignment with national strategic priorities and the evolving landscape of international competition. This will enable the proactive establishment of next-generation information technology systems that are secure, efficient, autonomous, and controllable.