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Physical Review Applied

Circular semiquantum private comparison protocol for equality without a preshared key based on χ -type states

Jiang-Yuan Lian, Tian-Yu Ye, Chong‐Qiang Ye

Published Apr 3, 2025• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we adopt $\ensuremath{\chi}$-type states to design an alternative circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol, which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semihonest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semihonest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The traveling particles go from TP to Alice, then from Alice to Bob, and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. Furthermore, it has been proven to be information-theoretically secure in the asymptotic scenario. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages: $◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}1$ it requires no preshared key among different participants; $◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}2$ it does not need quantum entanglement swapping; $◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}3$ it employs no delay lines; $◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}4$ it adopts no unitary operations; and $◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}5$ it has fewer qubits transmitted and fewer classical modulo 2 addition computations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.23.044006

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In this paper, we adopt \ensuremathχ\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremathχ-type states to design an alternative circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol, which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semihonest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semihonest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The traveling particles go from TP to Alice, then from Alice to Bob, and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. Furthermore, it has been proven to be information-theoretically secure in the asymptotic scenario. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages: ◯1◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}1◯1 it requires no preshared key among different participants; ◯2◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}2◯2 it does not need quantum entanglement swapping; ◯3◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}3◯3 it employs no delay lines; ◯4◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}4◯4 it adopts no unitary operations; and ◯5◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}5◯5 it has fewer qubits transmitted and fewer classical modulo 2 addition computations.
In this paper, we adopt \c{hi}-type states to design a novel circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semi-honest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The travelling particles go from TP to Alice, Alice to Bob and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. The proposed SQPC protocol has no demand for unitary operations. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages more or less:(1)it requires no pre-shared key among different participants; (2)it doesn't need quantum entanglement swapping; and(3)it employs no delay lines.
Abstract In this paper, a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on single kind of Bell states is proposed, which allows two classical parties to judge the equality of their private inputs securely and correctly under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. TP is allowed to misbehave on her own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Our protocol needs none of unitary operations, quantum entanglement swapping or the reordering operations. Moreover, our protocol only needs to prepare single kind of Bell states as initial quantum resource. Detailed security analysis turns out that our protocol is secure against various outside and participant attacks. Compared with most of the existing SQPC protocols based on Bell states, our protocol is more feasible in practice.
In this paper, a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on single kind of Bell entangled states is proposed, which allows two classical parties to judge the equality of their private inputs securely and correctly under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. TP is allowed to misbehave on her own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Our protocol does not need to share secret keys among different participants in advance, and needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping. Moreover, our protocol only needs to prepare single kind of Bell entangled states as initial quantum resource. Detailed security analysis turns out that our protocol is secure against various outside and participant attacks. Compared with most of the existing SQPC protocols based on Bell entangled states, our protocol is more feasible in practice.
Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on Bell states, which enables one quantum user and one classical user to compare the equality of their private inputs with the help of a semi-honest quantum third party (TP). TP is assumed to be semi-honest in the sense that she may take all possible attacks to steal users’ private inputs except conspiring with anyone. The security analysis validates that our protocol can resist not only the attacks from internal participants but also the attacks from an external eavesdropper. Besides, our protocol only asks TP to perform Bell basis measurements but does not need quantum entanglement swapping; and it releases the classical user from conducting quantum measurements and having a quantum memory. Moreover, our protocol can take advantage over previous SQPC protocols based on Bell states in qubit efficiency. Finally, our protocol can be generalized into its counterpart of the collective-dephasing noise quantum channel.
Abstract In order to cut down the resource expended by the preshared key, this paper uses d -level single-particle states to design a novel circular two-party semiquantum private comparison scheme with a quantum semi-honest third party who does not need any preshared key. This scheme is capable of determining the size relationship of two integer sequences from two semiquantum communicants. The traveling particles are transmitted in a circular way. This protocol does not use quantum entangled states, quantum entanglement swapping, unitary operations or delay lines. This protocol does not require the semiquantum communicants to use any quantum memory either. Its security toward external attacks and internal attacks is fairly good.
In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol of the size relationship based on d-level single-particle states. This protocol can compare the size relationship of different privacy messages from two classical users with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP), who is permitted to misbehave on her own, but cannot be in collusion with anyone else. The correctness analysis shows that this protocol can gain correct comparison results. The security analysis results reveal that this protocol can resist some famous outside attacks and participant attacks. This protocol only adopts d-level single-particle states as the initial quantum resource, only requires the TP to perform d-level single-particle measurements, and makes the accurate comparison results inaccessible to the TP. Compared with the only existing SQPC protocol of size relationship (Quantum Inf. Process. 20, 124 (2021)), the proposed protocol has advantages in experimental preparation of initial quantum resource, TP’s experimental measurements, and TP’s knowledge about the comparison results.