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arXiv:2205.04927 · Laser Physics Letters

Semiquantum private comparison based on Bell states without quantum measurements from the classical user

Mao-Jie Geng, Xia Li, Tian-Yu Ye

Published Sep 4, 2024• 9 citations
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Abstract

Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on Bell states, which enables one quantum user and one classical user to compare the equality of their private inputs with the help of a semi-honest quantum third party (TP). TP is assumed to be semi-honest in the sense that she may take all possible attacks to steal users’ private inputs except conspiring with anyone. The security analysis validates that our protocol can resist not only the attacks from internal participants but also the attacks from an external eavesdropper. Besides, our protocol only asks TP to perform Bell basis measurements but does not need quantum entanglement swapping; and it releases the classical user from conducting quantum measurements and having a quantum memory. Moreover, our protocol can take advantage over previous SQPC protocols based on Bell states in qubit efficiency. Finally, our protocol can be generalized into its counterpart of the collective-dephasing noise quantum channel.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/ad72de

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Laser Physics Letters•Nov 1, 2025•1 citation
Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on Bell states, which enables one quantum user and one classical user to compare the equality of their private inputs with the help of a semi-honest quantum third party (TP). TP is assumed to be semi-honest in the sense that she may take all possible attacks to steal users’ private inputs except conspiring with anyone. The security analysis validates that our protocol can resist not only the attacks from internal participants but also the attacks from an external eavesdropper. Besides, our protocol only asks TP to perform Bell basis measurements but does not need quantum entanglement swapping; and it releases the classical user from conducting quantum measurements and having a quantum memory. Moreover, our protocol can take advantage over previous SQPC protocols based on Bell states in qubit efficiency. Finally, our protocol can be generalized into its counterpart of the collective-dephasing noise quantum channel.
Abstract In this paper, a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on single kind of Bell states is proposed, which allows two classical parties to judge the equality of their private inputs securely and correctly under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. TP is allowed to misbehave on her own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Our protocol needs none of unitary operations, quantum entanglement swapping or the reordering operations. Moreover, our protocol only needs to prepare single kind of Bell states as initial quantum resource. Detailed security analysis turns out that our protocol is secure against various outside and participant attacks. Compared with most of the existing SQPC protocols based on Bell states, our protocol is more feasible in practice.
In this paper, a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on single kind of Bell entangled states is proposed, which allows two classical parties to judge the equality of their private inputs securely and correctly under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. TP is allowed to misbehave on her own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Our protocol does not need to share secret keys among different participants in advance, and needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping. Moreover, our protocol only needs to prepare single kind of Bell entangled states as initial quantum resource. Detailed security analysis turns out that our protocol is secure against various outside and participant attacks. Compared with most of the existing SQPC protocols based on Bell entangled states, our protocol is more feasible in practice.
In this paper, we adopt \c{hi}-type states to design a novel circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semi-honest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The travelling particles go from TP to Alice, Alice to Bob and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. The proposed SQPC protocol has no demand for unitary operations. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages more or less:(1)it requires no pre-shared key among different participants; (2)it doesn't need quantum entanglement swapping; and(3)it employs no delay lines.
Private comparison is the basis of many encryption technologies, and several related Quantum Private Comparison (QPC) protocols have been published in recent years. In these existing protocols, secret information is encoded by using conjugate coding or orthogonal states, and all users are quantum participants. In this paper, a novel semi-quantum private comparison scheme is proposed, which employs Bell entangled states as quantum resources. Two semi-quantum participants compare the equivalence of their private information with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). Compared with the previous classical protocols, these two semi-quantum users can only make some particular action, such as to measure, prepare and reflect quantum qubits only in the classical basis {|0⟩,|1⟩} , and TP needs to perform Bell basis measurement on reflecting qubits to obtain the results of the comparison. Further, analysis results show that this scheme can avoid outside and participant attacks and its’ qubit efficiency is better than the other two protocols mentioned in the paper.
In this paper, we adopt $\ensuremath{\chi}$-type states to design an alternative circular semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol, which can determine the equality of private inputs from two semiquantum users within one round implementation under the help of a semihonest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. Here, it is assumed that the semihonest TP has the abilities to launch all possible attacks to steal useful information about two semiquantum users' private inputs but cannot conspire with anyone else. The traveling particles go from TP to Alice, then from Alice to Bob, and back from Bob to TP. The security analysis turns out the proposed SQPC protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the inside attacks. Furthermore, it has been proven to be information-theoretically secure in the asymptotic scenario. Compared with some existing SQPC protocols of equality with quantum entangled states, the proposed SQPC protocol has some advantages: ◯1◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}1◯1 it requires no preshared key among different participants; ◯2◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}2◯2 it does not need quantum entanglement swapping; ◯3◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}3◯3 it employs no delay lines; ◯4◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}4◯4 it adopts no unitary operations; and ◯5◯\phantom{\rule{-9pt}{0ex}}5◯5 it has fewer qubits transmitted and fewer classical modulo 2 addition computations.
Abstract Semi-quantum private comparison (SQPC) is a quantum cryptographic protocol that allows two classical participants to securely determine whether their private inputs are equal, with the assistance of a semi-honest third party possessing full quantum capabilities. However, most existing SQPC protocols suffer from low qubit efficiency and high implementation costs, primarily due to their reliance on pre-shared keys and complex entangled state preparations. To address these limitations, we propose a novel SQPC protocol based on hybrid quantum states, which integrates Bell states and single-qubit states within a circular transmission architecture. The protocol eliminates the requirement for pre-shared keys and reduces consumption of quantum resources by introducing randomness in the placement of quantum states. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is robust against measure–resend attacks, entanglement measurement attacks and internal threats from dishonest participants. Furthermore, performance evaluation shows that the proposed protocol achieves a high qubit efficiency, quantified as η = n 10 n + 1 , where n is the number of bits compared. This efficiency surpasses that of several previously proposed SQPC protocols.