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Journal of Applied Physics

Controllable nonlinearities in Landau-quantized graphene

Abhiraj Aryan, Rohit Mukherjee, Rohit Hazra, Nitu Borgohain, Nitya Garg

Published Mar 19, 2025• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article presents an exclusive study of the linear and higher-order susceptibilities, as well as the reduction in group index of a weak probe pulse in a three-level Landau-quantized graphene (LQG) system, under the influence of a strong control field, utilizing the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency. The influence of the magnetic field on the higher-order nonlinearities (Kerr, quintic, and septic) leads to observable changes in amplitudes and shifts in probe frequencies. The LQG system exhibits giant values for these nonlinear susceptibilities with χ(3), χ(5), χ(7) reaching magnitudes approximately ∼10−18m3/V2, ∼10−30m5/V4, and ∼10−42m7/V6, respectively, in the mid-infrared range. The magnetic field also induces asymmetric absorption peaks and modifies dispersion profiles. The study also demonstrates a reduction in the group velocity of the probe, under the effect of the magnetic field, by 1000-fold compared to the speed of light in free space. These giant higher-order nonlinearities, coupled with significantly reduced group velocity, suggest that the LQG system is a quick responder, revealing it as an excellent candidate for terahertz modulation. This also highlights the potential of the system as a promising material for generating and detecting coherent nonlinear signals in the mid-infrared range.

DOI
10.1063/5.0249987

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Journal of Physics Conference Series•Dec 1, 2024•0 citations
This article presents an exclusive study of the linear and higher-order susceptibilities, as well as the reduction in group index of a weak probe pulse in a three-level Landau-quantized graphene (LQG) system, under the influence of a strong control field, utilizing the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency. The influence of the magnetic field on the higher-order nonlinearities (Kerr, quintic, and septic) leads to observable changes in amplitudes and shifts in probe frequencies. The LQG system exhibits giant values for these nonlinear susceptibilities with χ(3), χ(5), χ(7) reaching magnitudes approximately ∼10−18m3/V2, ∼10−30m5/V4, and ∼10−42m7/V6, respectively, in the mid-infrared range. The magnetic field also induces asymmetric absorption peaks and modifies dispersion profiles. The study also demonstrates a reduction in the group velocity of the probe, under the effect of the magnetic field, by 1000-fold compared to the speed of light in free space. These giant higher-order nonlinearities, coupled with significantly reduced group velocity, suggest that the LQG system is a quick responder, revealing it as an excellent candidate for terahertz modulation. This also highlights the potential of the system as a promising material for generating and detecting coherent nonlinear signals in the mid-infrared range.
Landau-quantized graphene (LQG) offers a magnetically controlled platform for manipulating coherent inter-Landau-level transitions of Dirac fermions. Such a platform provides compact control of terahertz and infrared photonic signals. Here, a closed-form susceptibility expression is derived using the density-matrix approach, where the real part of the susceptibility describes dispersion and the imaginary part describes absorption or gain. The numerical results show that tuning the control field modifies the probe response from a dispersive resonance regime to a transparency window and a gain-assisted response. The calculated group-index variation, approximately from 0.6 to 1.7, enables broad modulation of the probe group velocity, ranging from about 1.8 × 10 8 m/s to 5.2 × 10 8 m/s . The reduced-absorption region indicates an electromagnetically induced transparency response suitable for controlled probe-field transmission. Distinct spectral features are also observed in the absorption coefficient and electron energy-loss spectrum (ELS), indicating selective energy transfer near the LQG resonance and potential relevance for THz/IR modulation. In addition, the frequency-selective and sign-reversible photon-drag response suggests detuning-controlled optical momentum transfer. These tunable responses within the linear regime support LQG as a reconfigurable medium for quantum optical transport, synchronization, pulse routing, buffering, and chip-scale THz photonic interfaces.
Abstract The optical properties of a weak probe light by applying coupling fields in Landau-quantized graphene nanostructure is investigated. In this structure the electromagnetic field of terahertz-infrared radiations interfere with the electromagnetic field of the short-wavelength probe field and this effect changes the absorption and dispersion characteristics of the probe field. The linear dynamical properties of the graphene by means of perturbation theory and density matrix method are discussed. We show that the group velocity of a light pulse can be switched from superluminal to subluminal or vice versa by controlling the coupling field’s intensities and relative phase of the applied fields. Therefore, this model can be used as an all-optical switch which is suitable for next generation of future all optical quantum communicational system and networks.
Graphene nanomaterials exhibit excellent optical properties when interacting with electromagnetical fields, which plays an important role in a wide range of applications such as optical communications, optical storage and other fields. Based on the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect, we investigate control of slow light in the Landau quantized graphene system with different three-level and four-level coupling schemes. Utilizing the EIT effect, group velocity of the probe fields can be significantly reduced and well controlled by manipulating Rabi frequencies and detunings of the coupling lasers as well as probe detuning. Furthermore, probe light with different frequencies can even be controlled in different EIT windows in the graphene system with the four-level scheme, which may find applications in signal selection and discrimination. This work can provide reference for the design of graphene-based quantum devices and have potential applications in optical communications and optical quantum information processing, etc.
Abstract We propose monolayer graphene system and analyze the effects of giant Kerr nonlinearity and Doppler broadening. The focus is to construct and design experimentally viable model by which we can enhance the group index of the medium so that we have slow group velocity. For obtaining the desired goal, we consider Landau level of graphene monolayer placed perpendicular to magnetic field M Tokman et al (2013, Phys. Rev. lett. 110, 077404). Giant Kerr nonlinearity and Doppler broadening enhance the medium group index greatly, resulting in a slow group velocity that has uses in storage devices, optical buffering, quantum memory, and data processing. We also investigate the behavior exhibited by the weak probe’s transmission spectrum, which can change when the terahertz signal frequency is turned on and off. Advantages of under consideration model are its a 2D material whereas other materials are semiconductor or gaseous state. Also, Landau level of graphene has domains tuneable in tera hertz and infra-red region while we cannot tune the semiconductor and atomic media once the transition is chosen. Therefore, the proposed magnetized graphene system offers a tremendous opportunity for incorporating quantum interference into the development of optical solid-state devices.
Abstract We investigate theoretically the controlled magneto-optical Faraday rotation (MO-FR) through graphene-based metasurfaces placed on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) substrate at terahertz (THz) frequencies. MO-FR and transmission of the probe light are studied by changing the electric field that manipulates the group index of the substrate. The MO-FR can be controlled and enhanced by varying the periodic width of graphene ribbons. The polarization plane of MO-FR changes with 180 degrees while increasing the probe field detuning through the EIT substrate. The zero-crossing of MO-FR shifts to higher THz frequencies with increasing the magnetic field. The transmission of the probe light pulse at THz frequencies is investigated with the probe detuning and the applied magnetic field.
Abstract This paper presents the dynamics of Kerr nonlinearity and the phenomenon of slow group velocity in a Quantum Dot (QD) system, using the mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Employing a three-level QD setup and leveraging a ladder-type excitation approach, we analyse the interaction between a weak probe pulse and a strong control beam. By employing density matrix formalism, we derive the expressions for both linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities, along with first-order linear dispersion terms. Our findings reveal that susceptibilities in the QD system, both linear and nonlinear, can be finely adjusted to desired probe frequencies through control parameter manipulation. Moreover, under the EIT regime, we observe the Kerr susceptibility on the order of 10−12 m2 V2 at a probe wavelength 1.359 μm. Additionally, the group velocity of the probe field experiences a remarkable slowdown by a factor of 103 compared to the speed of light in vacuum. Results obtained may have potential applications in fabricating nonlinear optical devices.