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Scientific Reports

Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity of UAV assisted cooperative NOMA system with two untrusted destinations

Mohd Javed Khan, Saif Ahmad, Indrasen Singh, Umesh Kumar Sahu

Published Mar 10, 2025• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The volume of confidential information transmitted over 5G networks has increased rapidly due to the widespread adoption of large machine-type communication and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) parameters are crucial parameters used in evaluating the security of wireless systems, particularly in situations where maintaining secrecy is essential. Also, Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has the potential to improve the performance of wireless communication systems due to its higher spectral efficiency, improved fairness in resource allocation, and enhanced coverage and connectivity. In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) assisted cooperative NOMA system with a half duplex protocol based amplify and forward relay over the Rayleigh fading channel in presence of two eavesdroppers for downlink communication. We derive SOP and SPSC of the proposed system model and analyze its performance in terms of the illegal SNR of eavesdroppers, power allocation coefficient, information rates and Rayleigh channel parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that SOP decreases with a higher value of power allocation coefficient and lower values of the illegal SNR of eavesdropper and lower information rates. SPSC increases with high values of power allocation coefficient of far destination and decreases with lower values of illegal SNR of eavesdroppers and Rayleigh channel parameters. Analytical simulations are verified using Monte Carlo simulations.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-025-92321-0

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The volume of confidential information transmitted over 5G networks has increased rapidly due to the widespread adoption of large machine-type communication and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) parameters are crucial parameters used in evaluating the security of wireless systems, particularly in situations where maintaining secrecy is essential. Also, Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has the potential to improve the performance of wireless communication systems due to its higher spectral efficiency, improved fairness in resource allocation, and enhanced coverage and connectivity. In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) assisted cooperative NOMA system with a half duplex protocol based amplify and forward relay over the Rayleigh fading channel in presence of two eavesdroppers for downlink communication. We derive SOP and SPSC of the proposed system model and analyze its performance in terms of the illegal SNR of eavesdroppers, power allocation coefficient, information rates and Rayleigh channel parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that SOP decreases with a higher value of power allocation coefficient and lower values of the illegal SNR of eavesdropper and lower information rates. SPSC increases with high values of power allocation coefficient of far destination and decreases with lower values of illegal SNR of eavesdroppers and Rayleigh channel parameters. Analytical simulations are verified using Monte Carlo simulations.
In this paper, we study the secrecy outage probability (SOP)and the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC)of cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)system with a single antenna over Rayleigh fading channel in which there are a source, a relay node, two destinations and one eavesdropper. The relay adopts amplify-and-forward (AF)and decode-and-forward (DF)relaying schemes. The SOP and SPSC performance are analyzed to evaluate the level of security granted to legitimate users for both AF and DF protocols. The effects of the optimal power allocation value on system performance are also discussed and provided through numerical results.
Differentsystemmodels utilizing nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have been successfully studied to meet the growing capacity demands of the Internet of Things IoT) devices for the next-generation networks. However, analyzing the antieavesdropping for NOMA systems under different scenarios and settings still needs further exploration before it can be practically deployed. Therefore, in this article, we study the secrecy performance of a cooperative NOMA system in the IoT networks where two source nodes communicate with their respective destination nodes via a common relay in the presence of an eavesdropper. Specifically, two source nodes send their data in parallel over the same frequency band to the common relay node using uplink NOMA. Then, the relay node forwards the decoded symbols to the respective destination nodes using downlink NOMA in the presence of an eavesdropper. To enhance the security performance of the considered system, we study and propose an artificial noise (AN)-aided scheme in which the two destination nodes emit a jamming signal to confuse the eavesdropper while receiving the signal from the common relay node. We also study the effect of NOMA power allocation, perfect successive interference cancellation (pSIC), and imperfect successive interference cancellation (ipSIC) on the considered system. Analytical expressions for the ergodic capacity (EC), ergodic secrecy sum rate (ESSR), and secrecy outage probability (SOP) are mathematically derived and verified with the simulation results. Our results demonstrate that a significantly higher ESSR and lower SOP of the system can be attained compared to a conventional NOMA system without a destination-assisted jamming signal scheme.
In this article, we study the secrecy performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted relay communication system, where a ground base station (GBS) intends to send confidential information to the ground legitimate user Bob with the help of a UAV relay in the presence of multiple aerial and ground eavesdroppers. We consider the height-dependent probabilistic line-of-sight and the generalκ\kappaκ-μ\muμshadowed channel fading model in the system. To enhance the secrecy performance, the GBS and UAV relay apply directional beamforming transmission while implementing protection zones around their intended receiving destinations. We then derive the approximate closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) under different aerial and ground eavesdropperscolluding strategies. To get insights, we also obtain the SOP expression over Rayleigh fading as a special case. After discussing the impacts of transmitting and multiple aerial and ground eavesdropping parameters on the SOP, we show that the optimal altitude of UAV relay exists with the minimal SOP value under different urban environments. We also show that UAV eavesdroppers have a larger effect on the system performance than ground eavesdroppers.
This paper investigates the application of a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network with two down-link users in Nakagami-m fading scenario. The near user acts as a decode-and-forward full-duplex relay for the far user. An eavesdropper is also present in the network, which tries to access messages intended for legitimate users. In full-duplex mode, the near user will send jamming signals and receive desired signals during the first phase. During the second phase, the base station sends jamming signals. Analytical expressions for the secrecy outage probabilities and the overall system secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived. Also, the optimal power allocation coefficient that minimizes the overall SOP is determined using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. We establish that using optimal power allocation coefficients can reduce the overall outage probability significantly as compared to the random selection of the power allocation factor.
We study the secrecy transmission of uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with single antenna and multi-antenna users in presence of an eavesdropper. Two phases are required for communications during each time frame between the users and the base station in cellular networks. We study the case where an eavesdropper overhears the relay and direct links from the users to the base stations. In terms of the secure performance analysis, we focus on two main metrics including secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) with the assumption that the eavesdropper is able to detect the signals. Analytical closed-form expressions for the SOP and SPSC are derived to evaluate the system secure performance achieved by the proposed schemes. Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis is presented to gain further insights. The analytical and numerical results indicate that the proposed schemes can realize better secrecy performance once we improve the channel condition and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Our results confirms that the secrecy performance gaps exist among the two users since different power allocation factors are assigned to these users.
As an important partner of fifth generation (5G) communication, the internet of things (IoT) is widely used in many fields with its characteristics of massive terminals, intelligent processing, and remote control. In this paper, we analyze security performance for the cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks for IoT, where the multi-relay Wyner model with direct link between the base station and the eavesdropper is considered. In particular, secrecy outage probability (SOP) for two kinds of relay selection (RS) schemes (i.e., single-phase RS (SRS) and two-phase RS (TRS)) is developed in the form of closed solution. As a benchmark for comparison, the SOP for random RS (RRS) is also obtained. To gain more meaningful insights, approximate derivations of SOP under the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region are provided. Results of statistical simulation confirm the theoretical analysis and testify that: i) Compared with RRS scheme, SRS and TRS may improve secure performance because of obtaining smaller SOPs; ii) There exists secrecy performance floor for the SOP in strong SNR regime, which is dominated by NOMA protocol; iii) The security performance can be enhanced by augmenting the quantity of relays for SRS and TRS strategies. The purpose of this work is to provide theoretical basis for the analysis and design of anti-eavesdropping for NOMA systems in IoT.