Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Scientific Reports

Neighboring and polarization effects on line shape of the modulation transfer spectroscopy in lower ground hyperfine state of Rb atoms

Shabraz Khan, Heung‐Ryoul Noh, Jin‐Tae Kim

Published Mar 5, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have investigated the detailed line shapes of modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) for the $$F_g=2 \rightarrow F_e=1, 2$$ , and 3 transitions of 85Rb due to neighboring hyperfine transitions. This analysis has been conducted under four different polarization configurations: linear parallel, linear perpendicular, circular parallel, and circular perpendicular configurations. To the best of our knowledge the effects of neighboring transitions have been applied to MTS for the first time. The dependencies in the asymmetric MTS spectra resulting from the neighboring effects on the $$F_g=2 \rightarrow F_e=1$$ transition of 85Rb are accounted for by artificially adjusting the hyperfine energy separations in the excited state. We also investigate the detailed MTS line shapes for the $$F_g = 1 \rightarrow F_e = 0, 1, 2$$ transitions of 87Rb, considering circular polarization configurations. The significant strength of the MTS spectra for the crossover lines involving the $$F_e = 0$$ and 1 states of 87Rb in the $$\sigma ^+ - \sigma ^-$$ polarization configuration can be explained through a MTS signal mediated by spontaneous emission. Theoretical line shapes of these transitions, calculated using the density matrix equations, show good agreement with the observed spectra.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-025-92562-z

Related papers

Modulation transfer spectroscopy mediated by spontaneous emission

Sang Eon Park, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

We report the polarization dependence of the spectrum in modulation transfer spectroscopy for the transitions from the lower ground state (F(g) = 1) of (87)Rb atoms. We measured the spectra for the two polarization configurations where the carrier and probe beams were linearly polarized in parallel or perpendicular directions. The measured spectra were in excellent agreement with calculated results. The spectra were strongly dependent on the polarization configurations. In particular, the signal for parallel polarization configuration was generated via an incoherent process mediated by spontaneous emission.

Optics Express•Jun 5, 2013•18 citations

Optical pumping effect on modulation transfer spectroscopy of the $$D_1$$ line of $$^{85}$$Rb atoms with non-cycling transition

Shabraz Khan, Heung‐Ryoul Noh, Jin‐Tae Kim

The [Formula: see text] line of [Formula: see text]Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the [Formula: see text] line via optical pumping (OP) of the [Formula: see text] line of [Formula: see text]Rb. Four linear parallel (lin ∥ lin) and linear perpendicular (lin⊥lin), [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the [Formula: see text] transition of the [Formula: see text] line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the [Formula: see text] configuration in the presence of [Formula: see text]- or [Formula: see text]-polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.

Scientific Reports•Mar 11, 2026•0 citations

Optical pumping effect on modulation transfer spectroscopy of the D1 line of ⁸⁵Rb atoms with non-cycling transition

Jin‐Tae Kim, Shabraz Khan, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

The D_1 line of ^{85}Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained \cite{Khan2024}. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the D_1 line via optical pumping (OP) of the D_2 line of $^{85}$Rb. Four linear parallel (lin \parallel lin) and linear perpendicular (lin\perplin), \sigma^+ - \sigma^+, and \sigma^+ - \sigma^- polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), \sigma^+, and \sigma^- polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e=2 transition of the D_1 line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the \sigma^+ \sigma^- configuration in the presence of \sigma^+- or \sigma^--polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.

•Oct 3, 2025•0 citations

Optical pumping effect on modulation transfer spectroscopy of the D1 line of ⁸⁵Rb atoms with non-cycling transition

Jin‐Tae Kim, Shabraz Khan, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

The D_1 line of ^{85}Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained \cite{Khan2024}. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the D_1 line via optical pumping (OP) of the D_2 line of $^{85}$Rb. Four linear parallel (lin \parallel lin) and linear perpendicular (lin\perplin), \sigma^+ - \sigma^+, and \sigma^+ - \sigma^- polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), \sigma^+, and \sigma^- polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e=2 transition of the D_1 line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the \sigma^+ \sigma^- configuration in the presence of \sigma^+- or \sigma^--polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.

•Oct 3, 2025•0 citations

Effects of neighboring transitions on electromagnetically induced absorption and transparency in 87 Rb atoms with respect to varying hyperfine spacings

Zeeshan Ali Safdar Jadoon, Aisar-ul Hassan, Heung‐Ryoul Noh +1 more

Effects of neighboring transitions through Doppler broadening on electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the degenerate two-level system at the F g =2→ F e =1,2, and 3 transitions of the 87 Rb D2 line have been investigated. Two different polarization configurations, such as linear parallel and linear perpendicular polarizations of coupling and probe lasers, have been studied. We study the significant variation of EIT and EIA due to the effect of the neighboring transitions via artificial variation of the hyperfine spacings of the 5 P 3/2 state. We have a new observation such as EIT instead of EIA due to the neighboring effect, even in the case of closed systems such as F g =2→ F e =3 of 87 Rb for the linear parallel configuration, for the first time to our best knowledge. The observed spectra match well with theoretically calculated spectra. EIAs for the open F g =2→ F e =1 and 2 transitions at the linear perpendicular polarization are observed due to neighboring effects. This system may be applied to optical switching systems for future quantum processing application.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Sep 6, 2023•2 citations

Magnetic-field enhanced modulation transfer spectroscopy: theory and experiment

Sanglok Lee, Jeongwon Kang, Subin Kim +3 more

We herein present a theoretical and experimental study on magnetic-field enhanced modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) for the 5S1/2 (F = 1) → 5P3/2 (F′ = 0, 1, and 2) transitions of 87Rb atoms. The density matrix equations are solved numerically to obtain the MTS spectra and an excellent agreement is found between the experimental and calculated results. In particular, the enhancement of the MTS signal for the F = 1 → F′ = 0 transition in the presence of the magnetic field is directly verified based on the comparison of the results calculated by neglecting with those calculated including the Zeeman coherences in the F = 1 ground state. The unexpected behaviors of the F = 1 → F′ = 1 transition are also examined.

Optics Express•Oct 4, 2021•7 citations
We have investigated the detailed line shapes of modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) for the Fg=2→Fe=1,2F_g=2 \rightarrow F_e=1, 2Fg​=2→Fe​=1,2 , and 3 transitions of 85Rb due to neighboring hyperfine transitions. This analysis has been conducted under four different polarization configurations: linear parallel, linear perpendicular, circular parallel, and circular perpendicular configurations. To the best of our knowledge the effects of neighboring transitions have been applied to MTS for the first time. The dependencies in the asymmetric MTS spectra resulting from the neighboring effects on the Fg=2→Fe=1F_g=2 \rightarrow F_e=1Fg​=2→Fe​=1 transition of 85Rb are accounted for by artificially adjusting the hyperfine energy separations in the excited state. We also investigate the detailed MTS line shapes for the Fg=1→Fe=0,1,2F_g = 1 \rightarrow F_e = 0, 1, 2Fg​=1→Fe​=0,1,2 transitions of 87Rb, considering circular polarization configurations. The significant strength of the MTS spectra for the crossover lines involving the Fe=0F_e = 0Fe​=0 and 1 states of 87Rb in the σ+−σ−\sigma ^+ - \sigma ^-σ+−σ− polarization configuration can be explained through a MTS signal mediated by spontaneous emission. Theoretical line shapes of these transitions, calculated using the density matrix equations, show good agreement with the observed spectra.
We report the polarization dependence of the spectrum in modulation transfer spectroscopy for the transitions from the lower ground state (F(g) = 1) of (87)Rb atoms. We measured the spectra for the two polarization configurations where the carrier and probe beams were linearly polarized in parallel or perpendicular directions. The measured spectra were in excellent agreement with calculated results. The spectra were strongly dependent on the polarization configurations. In particular, the signal for parallel polarization configuration was generated via an incoherent process mediated by spontaneous emission.
Optical pumping effect on modulation transfer spectroscopy of the D1D_1D1​ line of 85^{85}85Rb atoms with non-cycling transition
The [Formula: see text] line of [Formula: see text]Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the [Formula: see text] line via optical pumping (OP) of the [Formula: see text] line of [Formula: see text]Rb. Four linear parallel (lin ∥ lin) and linear perpendicular (lin⊥lin), [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the [Formula: see text] transition of the [Formula: see text] line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the [Formula: see text] configuration in the presence of [Formula: see text]- or [Formula: see text]-polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.
The D_1 line of ^{85}Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained \cite{Khan2024}. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the D_1 line via optical pumping (OP) of the D_2 line of 85^{85}85Rb. Four linear parallel (lin \parallel lin) and linear perpendicular (lin\perplin), \sigma^+ - \sigma^+, and \sigma^+ - \sigma^- polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), \sigma^+, and \sigma^- polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e=2 transition of the D_1 line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the \sigma^+ \sigma^- configuration in the presence of \sigma^+- or \sigma^--polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.
The D_1 line of ^{85}Rb exhibits non-cycling transitions; therefore, only weak modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) signals could be obtained \cite{Khan2024}. In this study, however, strong MTS spectra were obtained for the D_1 line via optical pumping (OP) of the D_2 line of 85^{85}85Rb. Four linear parallel (lin \parallel lin) and linear perpendicular (lin\perplin), \sigma^+ - \sigma^+, and \sigma^+ - \sigma^- polarization configurations were investigated using an OP laser with four different polarizations such as linear horizontal (P), linear vertical (S), \sigma^+, and \sigma^- polarizations. Under the linear perpendicular configuration, the MTS signal for the F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e=2 transition of the D_1 line exhibited approximately a 41-fold increase in the signal slope in the presence of a linearly-polarized OP beam, compared with the signal slope obtained without OP. The calculated MTS spectra for the \sigma^+ \sigma^- configuration in the presence of \sigma^+- or \sigma^--polarized OP beam as an example matched well with experimental observations.
Effects of neighboring transitions through Doppler broadening on electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the degenerate two-level system at the F g =2→ F e =1,2, and 3 transitions of the 87 Rb D2 line have been investigated. Two different polarization configurations, such as linear parallel and linear perpendicular polarizations of coupling and probe lasers, have been studied. We study the significant variation of EIT and EIA due to the effect of the neighboring transitions via artificial variation of the hyperfine spacings of the 5 P 3/2 state. We have a new observation such as EIT instead of EIA due to the neighboring effect, even in the case of closed systems such as F g =2→ F e =3 of 87 Rb for the linear parallel configuration, for the first time to our best knowledge. The observed spectra match well with theoretically calculated spectra. EIAs for the open F g =2→ F e =1 and 2 transitions at the linear perpendicular polarization are observed due to neighboring effects. This system may be applied to optical switching systems for future quantum processing application.
We herein present a theoretical and experimental study on magnetic-field enhanced modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) for the 5S1/2 (F = 1) → 5P3/2 (F′ = 0, 1, and 2) transitions of 87Rb atoms. The density matrix equations are solved numerically to obtain the MTS spectra and an excellent agreement is found between the experimental and calculated results. In particular, the enhancement of the MTS signal for the F = 1 → F′ = 0 transition in the presence of the magnetic field is directly verified based on the comparison of the results calculated by neglecting with those calculated including the Zeeman coherences in the F = 1 ground state. The unexpected behaviors of the F = 1 → F′ = 1 transition are also examined.