Temporal photon correlations have been a crucial resource for quantum and quantum-enabled optical science for over half a century. However, attaining non-classical information through these correlations has typically been limited to a single point (or at best, a few points) at-a-time. We perform here a massively multiplexed wide-field photon correlation measurement using a large $500\times500$ single-photon avalanche diode array, the SwissSPAD3. We demonstrate the performance of this apparatus by acquiring wide-field photon correlation measurements of single-photon emitters, and illustrate two applications of the attained quantum information: wide-field emitter counting and quantum-enabled super-resolution imaging (by a factor of $\sqrt{2})$ . The considerations and limitations of applying this technique in a practical context are discussed. Ultimately, the realization of massively multiplexed wide-field photon correlation measurements can accelerate quantum sensing protocols and quantum-enabled imaging techniques by orders of magnitude.Temporal photon correlations have been a crucial resource for quantum and quantum-enabled optical science for over half a century. However, attaining non-classical information through these correlations has typically been limited to a single point (or at best, a few points) at-a-time. We perform here a massively multiplexed wide-field photon correlation measurement using a large $500\times500$ single-photon avalanche diode array, the SwissSPAD3. We demonstrate the performance of this apparatus by acquiring wide-field photon correlation measurements of single-photon emitters, and illustrate two applications of the attained quantum information: wide-field emitter counting and quantum-enabled super-resolution imaging (by a factor of $\sqrt{2})$. The considerations and limitations of applying this technique in a practical context are discussed. Ultimately, the realization of massively multiplexed wide-field photon correlation measurements can accelerate quantum sensing protocols and quantum-enabled imaging techniques by orders of magnitude.

arXiv:2412.16914Dec 22, 20240 citations

Quantum imaging with SPAD arrays (Conference Presentation)

Gur Lubin, Ron Tenne, Ivan Michel Antolović +3 more

The emerging field of quantum imaging introduces new methods to overcome classical limitations in optical microscopy. A detection apparatus capable of analyzing the quantum signature of light, is a crucial component in the heart of any such method. We present a novel quantum imaging modality, based on a state-of-the-art single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array in a confocal setup. This modality enables unprecedented simplicity and scalability in imaging temporal photon correlations. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by measuring temporal correlations of classical and quantum sources, as well as demonstrate a quantum super-resolution technique.The emerging field of quantum imaging introduces new methods to overcome classical limitations in optical microscopy. A detection apparatus capable of analyzing the quantum signature of light, is a crucial component in the heart of any such method. We present a novel quantum imaging modality, based on a state-of-the-art single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array in a confocal setup. This modality enables unprecedented simplicity and scalability in imaging temporal photon correlations. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by measuring temporal correlations of classical and quantum sources, as well as demonstrate a quantum super-resolution technique.

Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Superresolution ImagingMar 9, 20200 citations

Quantum correlation enhanced super-resolution localization microscopy enabled by a fibre bundle camera

Yonatan Israel, Ron Tenne, Dan Oron +1 more

Despite advances in low-light-level detection, single-photon methods such as photon correlation have rarely been used in the context of imaging. The few demonstrations, for example of subdiffraction-limited imaging utilizing quantum statistics of photons, have remained in the realm of proof-of-principle demonstrations. This is primarily due to a combination of low values of fill factors, quantum efficiencies, frame rates and signal-to-noise characteristic of most available single-photon sensitive imaging detectors. Here we describe an imaging device based on a fibre bundle coupled to single-photon avalanche detectors that combines a large fill factor, a high quantum efficiency, a low noise and scalable architecture. Our device enables localization-based super-resolution microscopy in a non-sparse non-stationary scene, utilizing information on the number of active emitters, as gathered from non-classical photon statistics.Despite advances in low-light-level detection, single-photon methods such as photon correlation have rarely been used in the context of imaging. The few demonstrations, for example of subdiffraction-limited imaging utilizing quantum statistics of photons, have remained in the realm of proof-of-principle demonstrations. This is primarily due to a combination of low values of fill factors, quantum efficiencies, frame rates and signal-to-noise characteristic of most available single-photon sensitive imaging detectors. Here we describe an imaging device based on a fibre bundle coupled to single-photon avalanche detectors that combines a large fill factor, a high quantum efficiency, a low noise and scalable architecture. Our device enables localization-based super-resolution microscopy in a non-sparse non-stationary scene, utilizing information on the number of active emitters, as gathered from non-classical photon statistics.

arXiv:1609.00312Nature CommunicationsMar 13, 201787 citations

Full-field quantum imaging with a single-photon avalanche diode camera

Hugo Defienne, Jiuxuan Zhao, Edoardo Charbon A +1 more

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are essential tools in biophotonics, optical ranging and sensing, and quantum optics. However, their small number of pixels, low quantum efficiency, and small fill factor have so far hindered their use for practical imaging applications. Here, we demonstrate full-field entangled photon-pair correlation imaging using a 100-kpixel SPAD camera. By measuring photon coincidences between more than 500 million pairs of positions, we retrieve the full point spread function of the imaging system and subsequently high-resolution images of target objects illuminated by spatially entangled photon pairs. We show that our imaging approach is robust against stray light, enabling quantum imaging technologies to move beyond laboratory experiments towards real-world applications such as quantum light detection and ranging.Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are essential tools in biophotonics, optical ranging and sensing, and quantum optics. However, their small number of pixels, low quantum efficiency, and small fill factor have so far hindered their use for practical imaging applications. Here, we demonstrate full-field entangled photon-pair correlation imaging using a 100-kpixel SPAD camera. By measuring photon coincidences between more than 500 million pairs of positions, we retrieve the full point spread function of the imaging system and subsequently high-resolution images of target objects illuminated by spatially entangled photon pairs. We show that our imaging approach is robust against stray light, enabling quantum imaging technologies to move beyond laboratory experiments towards real-world applications such as quantum light detection and ranging.

arXiv:2007.16037Physical Review AApr 13, 202140 citations

A quantum-enhanced wide-field phase imager

Robin Camphausen, Álvaro Cuevas, Luc Duempelmann +7 more

Quantum techniques can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in optical imaging. Leveraging the latest advances in single-photon avalanche diode array cameras and multiphoton detection techniques, here, we introduce a supersensitive phase imager, which uses space-polarization hyperentanglement to operate over a large field of view without the need of scanning operation. We show quantum-enhanced imaging of birefringent and nonbirefringent phase samples over large areas, with sensitivity improvements over equivalent classical measurements carried out with equal number of photons. The potential applicability is demonstrated by imaging a biomedical protein microarray sample. Our technology is inherently scalable to high-resolution images and represents an essential step toward practical quantum-enhanced imaging.Quantum techniques can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in optical imaging. Leveraging the latest advances in single-photon avalanche diode array cameras and multiphoton detection techniques, here, we introduce a supersensitive phase imager, which uses space-polarization hyperentanglement to operate over a large field of view without the need of scanning operation. We show quantum-enhanced imaging of birefringent and nonbirefringent phase samples over large areas, with sensitivity improvements over equivalent classical measurements carried out with equal number of photons. The potential applicability is demonstrated by imaging a biomedical protein microarray sample. Our technology is inherently scalable to high-resolution images and represents an essential step toward practical quantum-enhanced imaging.

arXiv:2105.11394Science AdvancesNov 17, 202165 citations

Imaging entanglement correlations with a single-photon avalanche diode camera

Bienvenu I. Ndagano, Hugo Defienne, Ashley Lyons +4 more

Spatial correlations between two photons are the key resource in realising many quantum imaging schemes. Measurement of the bi-photon correlation map is typically performed using single-point scanning detectors or single-photon cameras based on CCD technology. However, both approaches are limited in speed due to the slow scanning and the low frame-rate of CCD-based cameras, resulting in data acquisition times on the order of many hours. Here we employ a high frame rate, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera, to measure the spatial joint probability distribution of a bi-photon state produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion, with statistics taken over $10^7$ frames acquired in just 140 seconds. We verified the presence of spatial entanglement between our photon pairs through the violation of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion, with a confidence level of 227 sigmas. Our work demonstrates the potential of SPAD cameras in the rapid characterisation of photon correlations, leading the way towards quantum imaging in real-time.Spatial correlations between two photons are the key resource in realising many quantum imaging schemes. Measurement of the bi-photon correlation map is typically performed using single-point scanning detectors or single-photon cameras based on CCD technology. However, both approaches are limited in speed due to the slow scanning and the low frame-rate of CCD-based cameras, resulting in data acquisition times on the order of many hours. Here we employ a high frame rate, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera, to measure the spatial joint probability distribution of a bi-photon state produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion, with statistics taken over $10^7$ frames acquired in just 140 seconds. We verified the presence of spatial entanglement between our photon pairs through the violation of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion, with a confidence level of 227 sigmas. Our work demonstrates the potential of SPAD cameras in the rapid characterisation of photon correlations, leading the way towards quantum imaging in real-time.

arXiv:2001.03997Jan 12, 20203 citations

500\times500

single-photon avalanche diode array, the SwissSPAD3. We demonstrate the performance of this apparatus by acquiring wide-field photon correlation measurements of single-photon emitters, and illustrate two applications of the attained quantum information: wide-field emitter counting and quantum-enabled super-resolution imaging (by a factor of

\sqrt{2})

. The considerations and limitations of applying this technique in a practical context are discussed. Ultimately, the realization of massively multiplexed wide-field photon correlation measurements can accelerate quantum sensing protocols and quantum-enabled imaging techniques by orders of magnitude.

10^7

frames acquired in just 140 seconds. We verified the presence of spatial entanglement between our photon pairs through the violation of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion, with a confidence level of 227 sigmas. Our work demonstrates the potential of SPAD cameras in the rapid characterisation of photon correlations, leading the way towards quantum imaging in real-time.