Quantum radar is an alternative to classical radar for target detection. Quantum radar systems utilize a quantum physics term known as quantum entanglement for target detection, which has higher correlation that cannot be achieved by classical sources. The results of the quantum radar analysis have shown that employing a pair of entangled sources has an advantage about a 6 dB in target detection compared to the classical counterpart. These analyses have also been tested experimentally in both optical and microwave frequency domains. These experimental setups have shown that this supremacy level might be achieved under ideal conditions, but it is not possible with the current experimental setups. Nevertheless, employment of quantum physics laws is a new field of study for engineering discipline, with the development of measurement instruments researchers might reach this superiority level.
Quantum radar is an alternative to classical radar for target detection. Quantum radar systems utilize a quantum physics term known as quantum entanglement for target detection, which has higher correlation that cannot be achieved by classical sources. The results of the quantum radar analysis have shown that employing a pair of entangled sources has an advantage about a 6 dB in target detection compared to the classical counterpart. These analyses have also been tested experimentally in both optical and microwave frequency domains. These experimental setups have shown that this supremacy level might be achieved under ideal conditions, but it is not possible with the current experimental setups. Nevertheless, employment of quantum physics laws is a new field of study for engineering discipline, with the development of measurement instruments researchers might reach this superiority level.
Quantum radar is an emerging technique, currently at the experimental stage, that promises to disrupt the well-established field of conventional radar. Recent progress shows that it is possible to generate and use entangled pairs of microwave photons for detection purposes and to obtain an advantage over a classical radar. In this work, we study the currently experimentally feasible type of quantum correlation radar. To this end, we compare different radar architectures, quantum and classical, by analyzing their detection performances by means of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), the minimum error probability as well as the Chernoff bound. The underlying system models are based on quantum mechanical formulations as well as conventional signal theory. Where it is appropriate and necessary to facilitate our analysis, we apply the central limit theorem to establish the Gaussianity of the observable quantities. A conceptual analogy between the quantum and classic points-of-view is drawn and supported by results showing the asymptotic behavior of the ROC curves of both physical descriptions depending on the power levels of signal and noise. We come to exact and comprehensible conclusions on the current state of quantum radar in comparison to classic radar with a detailed mapping of the radar operating regime (measurement time, signal-to-noise ratio, environmental noise level, target object size and distance) in which a quantum advantage is attainable.
This paper presents a study on quantum radar technology developments, design Consideration for its integration, and quantum radar cross-section, QRCS based on quantum electrodynamics and interferometric considerations. Quantum radar systems supported by quantum measurement can fulfill not only conventional target detection and recognition tasks but are also capable of detecting and identifying the RF stealth platform and weapons systems. The development of radar technology is of the utmost importance in many avenues of research. The concept of a quantum radar has been proposed which utilizes quantum states of photons to establish information on a target at a distance. A photon, or a little cluster of photons, is distributed towards the target. The photons are absorbed and reemitted from the target and into the receiver. The measurement process may be executed in two alternative ways. One can perform an interferometric measurement (or phase measurement) on the photon, or one can simply count the number of photons that return. the previous method is named Interferometric Quantum Radar, and therefore the latter method is termed Quantum Illumination. For either of those methods, one can use stationary quantum states of photons or use entangled states. Its been shown that entangled states provide the most effective possible boost in resolution, achieving within the ideal case. The benefit of using quantum states is that they exhibit extra degrees of correlation by which to get information compared to classical methods. These extra correlations (called quantum correlations) serve to boost the resolution and signal/noise (SNR) that may be achieved within the radar system.
This paper provides a detailed exploration of quantum radar technology, focusing on the generation, measurement, and theoretical analysis of quantum-correlated signals in both optical and microwave domains. We examine the mechanisms behind producing entangled signals and their application to improve radar sensitivity and accuracy in noisy environments. A review of key studies is presented, with emphasis on their experimental setups and the limitations that define the potential of quantum radar. By aggregating data on object detection range and analyzing global research trends through visualizations, including a bar chart and a world map, we illustrate the growing interest and research efforts in this domain. Our findings highlight the significant advancements and remaining challenges in developing practical quantum radar systems, as well as the worldwide collaboration driving progress in this cutting-edge field.
Quantum radar represents a promising advancement over classical radar systems by exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena such as entanglement and quantum measurement to overcome fundamental detection limitations. This paper reviews the evolution of radar technology from conventional radar frequency systems to quantum radar architectures, with emphasis on sensitivity enhancement and detection of RF-stealth targets for military defense applications. Classical radar parameters such as radar range, transmitted power and cross section are revisited and extended to their quantum analogues. The role of entangled single photon sources in improving detection performance under high noise and jamming environments is discussed. Context of microwave quantum radar is reviewed along with photonic implementations. This paper further highlights the importance of quantum measurement theory, including system-apparatus entanglement, density matrix formalism and wave function collapse in extracting information from quantum radar systems. Although significant experimental challenges remain, recent advances indicate strong potential for future development of quantum radar in next generation defense and surveillance systems.
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of two classes of quantum radars, including quantum direct-detection and quantum-entangled noise radars. In the first case, inspired by the well-established concept of single-photon LiDARs, we investigated the performance of single-photon radars, in which state-of-the-art single microwave-photon detectors are employed to enhance the detection sensitivity and enable the detection of weaker signals. We derived analytical expressions for the maximum detection range of both classes of quantum radars in terms of the Lambert W function, by considering all relevant system, target, and environmental parameters. Our formulation facilitates direct comparison of noise radars with direct-detection radars and suggests that a quantum-entangled noise radar can be regarded as an enhanced direct-detection radar with an effective threshold signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, we applied this framework to classical-correlated noise radars and defined the parameter range enhancement factor (REF) to quantify the superiority of quantum-entangled noise radars over their classical counterparts. Moreover, we introduced a rule-of-thumb for approximating the REF. We also examined the influence of limitations imposed by various microwave detection technologies. Our analysis shows that the conventional antennas limit the potential benefits of quantum-entangled noise radar systems. We also demonstrated that the optimal detection method for these radars is a microwave detector based on a quantum transducer combined with a single optical-photon detector. We showed that, with the current technology, implementing a quantum-entangled noise radar with the maximum detection range on the order of few kilometers is possible. Finally, we explored the potential applications of quantum-entangled noise radars.
This paper provides a brief introduction of the current state of quantum radar (QR) technology development, focusing on the experimental methods used for modifying QR in a laboratory setting. We delve into the foundational principles of quantum electrodynamics and consider interferometric aspects. Quantum radar systems, empowered by quantum measurements, extend their capabilities beyond conventional target detection and recognition, encompassing the detection and identification of RF stealth platforms and advanced weapons systems. Quantum technology is gaining paramount significance in various research domains, with the emergence of the concept of quantum radar, which leverages the quantum states of photons to extract information from distant targets. The mechanism involves dispatching photons, or photon clusters, toward the target, whereupon they are absorbed and subsequently re-emitted. The crucial measurement process can be executed in two distinct manners. One approach entails an interferometric measurement, often referred to as phase measurement, conducted on the photons, while the alternative method involves the straightforward quantification of returning photons. These methods are respectively known as Interferometric QR and Quantum Illumination (QI). In both approaches, one can opt to employ stationary quantum states of photons or harness entangled states. Extensive research has demonstrated that the use of entangled states yields the most significant resolution enhancement, achieving optimal results under ideal conditions. Quantum states offer a substantial advantage by virtue of their inherent correlations, referred to as quantum correlations, which augment both resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the radar system. This paper explores the intricacies of these advancements in quantum radar technology, shedding light on the underlying principles and experimental methodologies.