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International Conference on Computation System and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS)

Exploring the Synergy of Quantum Encryption and Light Fidelity for Secure Data Transmission

Smruthi S Kadagadkai, Pranav V Jambur, Aayushh K P Naik

Published Nov 7, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In the fast-paced world of digital communication, the need for secure and efficient data transmission is growing. For the growing need to integrate Quantum Key Distribution and Light Fidelity technologies to revolutionize information transfer, we propose an innovative framework that combines end-to-end quantum encryption with high-speed optical data transfer via Li-Fi, using polarized photons as bitwise data carriers. There are two components of the proposition, the hardware and the software. The hardware components facilitate the encoding, transmission, and reception of data. Software aspects involve using Arduino IDE for programming secure communication protocols, and encoding algorithms, and ensuring synchronization and the usage of Quantum Toolbox in Python for simulating the BB84 quantum algorithms and error rate analysis. Testing involves unit testing of individual components, integration testing of the complete system, and performance evaluation of Li-Fi communication speed and QKD security. The simulation converts each bit of data into a virtual photon, passing it through polarizers, and receiving it with potential bit alterations. Router R1 and Router R2 handle photon initialization, error checking, secure key establishment, and final message transmission and decryption. The integration of a Li-Fi prototype evaluates data transfer efficiency. Router R1 begins by encoding data into virtual photons and generating a secure encryption key. Router R2 receives these photons, decodes them, and verifies and decrypts the data using the secure key. The iterative process of sending, receiving, confirming, and error-checking between Router R1 and Router R2 is essential for preserving data integrity. Our results demonstrate the effective application of quantum encryption and optical data transmission, providing a scalable, secure, and efficient solution for contemporary digital communication networks.

DOI
10.1109/csitss64042.2024.10817012

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In the fast-paced world of digital communication, the need for secure and efficient data transmission is growing. For the growing need to integrate Quantum Key Distribution and Light Fidelity technologies to revolutionize information transfer, we propose an innovative framework that combines end-to-end quantum encryption with high-speed optical data transfer via Li-Fi, using polarized photons as bitwise data carriers. There are two components of the proposition, the hardware and the software. The hardware components facilitate the encoding, transmission, and reception of data. Software aspects involve using Arduino IDE for programming secure communication protocols, and encoding algorithms, and ensuring synchronization and the usage of Quantum Toolbox in Python for simulating the BB84 quantum algorithms and error rate analysis. Testing involves unit testing of individual components, integration testing of the complete system, and performance evaluation of Li-Fi communication speed and QKD security. The simulation converts each bit of data into a virtual photon, passing it through polarizers, and receiving it with potential bit alterations. Router R1 and Router R2 handle photon initialization, error checking, secure key establishment, and final message transmission and decryption. The integration of a Li-Fi prototype evaluates data transfer efficiency. Router R1 begins by encoding data into virtual photons and generating a secure encryption key. Router R2 receives these photons, decodes them, and verifies and decrypts the data using the secure key. The iterative process of sending, receiving, confirming, and error-checking between Router R1 and Router R2 is essential for preserving data integrity. Our results demonstrate the effective application of quantum encryption and optical data transmission, providing a scalable, secure, and efficient solution for contemporary digital communication networks.
Abstract With increasing demands for secure high-speed wireless communications, integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) into light fidelity (LiFi) systems is a promising method for boosting data confidentiality in optical wireless networks. The BB84 protocol and Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) are utilized with a pump-assisted continuous wave laser at 1,550 nm and polarization control components to encode quantum states onto photons. They are transmitted on free space optical (FSO) links with a length ranging from 2 km to 8 km and received using Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and optical filters. Performance analysis conducted using bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor analysis. BER maintained at zero across all tested configuration and transmission distance up to 8 km indicating excellent signal integrity and security. A highest Q-factor achieved a maximum of 3,055.9, which ensures signal integrity and low interference noise. The system operates at a simulated data rate of 10 Gbps, suitable for high speed optical wireless communication. Consistently high eye height (∼172,210 units) and stable decision thresholds confirm minimal inter-symbol interference and accurate symbol recognition. And the Poincaré sphere showed even polarization stability for different optical power levels. This work presents a simulation-based implementation of a polarization encoded QKD system over a LiFi-enabled FSO communication channel, aiming to enhance secure optical wireless communication. Calculated based on quantum bit error rate (QBER) and included in the theoretical analysis to demonstrate practical secure throughput.
In this research, an embedded system based quantum encryption and decryption using polarization scheme is proposed in the transmitter and receiver side .The information data andencryption code is fed into quantum encryption setup, where the encryption takes place and ispassed to the LED’s polarizer form where it is converted as photons and passed to the receiver. At the receiver end, LDR’s (light dependent resistor) are used, which act as a detector forconversion of light energy to optical energy. LDR output is decrypted using quantum decryptingand the original message is recovered. In the proposed system, the polarization state of photoncarries, quantum encryption key (private key if user). The property of photons is used in errordetection in the proposed system.The significant outcome of this research is that eaves dropping in quantumcommunication channel are always detected and the proposed system does not implementcomplex mathematical algorithms for its security. This research work is implemented in anembedded hardware for different transmission lengths for which encryption and decryption isperformed at a faster rate, when compared to implementation involving software simulationalone. The future enhancement of the above research would involve avoiding the usage ofquantum repeaters to achieve significant data transmission and reception.
Optical communications have enabled high-speed data transmission over long distances. However, data are transmitted plain unless are encrypted on higher layers, e.g., IP and TCP, precisely because of: i) the high data rates; and ii) the need of secure key exchange between the end-points of the optical connection. Meanwhile, quantum enabled cryptography has emerged as a promising solution for securing communications by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics which provides unlimited and unconditional security. Although Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols can deliver quantum keys to distant end-points, there are scenarios where one of them is not within the security perimeter of the quantum network. This demonstration focuses on the intersection of optical communication and quantum security, highlighting the synergies between these two domains and their potential to ensure secure communication networks. We explore the integration of optical communication with quantum technologies and showcase how optical encryption using quantum keys retrieved from QKD and Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) systems is performed. Retrieved keys are expanded to the required rate and then used to encrypt the input data at line speed.
The quantum key distribution (QKD) method allows for the safe creation of encryption keys between trusted entities for secure communication. The suggested system is designed to enable secure communication between multiple parties (a single sender, Alice, and multiple receivers, Bobs) connected via a public channel susceptible to interception. It enables Alice to privately share encryption keys with each Bob over dedicated quantum channels, which can then be used to decrypt messages sent over the public network. The procedure involves Alice generating optical signals with randomly assigned properties such as intensity, phase, polarization, and frequencies. Alice randomly sends either signal states carrying information or decoy states with different frequencies to the receivers (Bobs) over the quantum channels. She also sends a synchronization signal for timing alignment with the quantum signals over the optical links. At the receiving end, the synchronization pulse timestamps the incoming quantum signals. Each Bob then randomly alters the frequencies of the received quantum signals and randomly measures their phase or polarization. The key is created from the frequency, phase, or polarization information of the quantum signals, resulting in longer keys. Key management agents manage the securely QKD-generated keys to encrypt information before sending it to the intended receivers. Essentially, this framework establishes authenticated, private communication by using QKD over dedicated ultra-secure quantum links to distribute decryption keys, ensuring that only intended users can access the content. The approach is designed to ensure end-to-end secure communication across the network.
The burgeoning Internet and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sectors necessitate robust cryptographic methods to ensure data security, integrity, and authentication over unsecured networks. Traditional public key cryptography, reliant on computationally hard problems, faces threats from quantum computing advancements. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) presents a solution through the generation of unconditionally secure cryptographic keys using quantum mechanics. This paper explores the enhancement of QKD protocols to establish secure end-to-end communication in photonic networks. The proposed method involves a QKD system that generates two types of weak quantum signals: one with randomly varied intensity, polarization, or phase, and another with random frequency fluctuations. These signals are used to establish a shared key between a transmitter (Alice) and multiple receivers (Bobs) by measuring the quantum states. This dual signal approach enhances protection against Photon Number Splitting attacks and improves key length. Key Management Agents (KMAs) securely handle QKD-generated keys for data encryption before transmission, ensuring only intended recipients can decrypt the messages. The system leverages optical fiber or free-space optical links to transmit weak quantum signals and synchronization signals, facilitating key distribution even under existing network constraints. The proposed architecture allows for the secure exchange of cryptographic keys between Alice and multiple Bobs, ensuring private and authenticated communication over public channels. The approach mitigates potential eavesdropping by enabling the detection of any interception attempts through Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) estimation. This study underscores the promise of QKD as a foundational element of future communication systems, providing uncrackable quantum keys and paving the way for secure photonic networks. Incremental advancements in quantum devices, networking, and infrastructure are essential to fully realize QKD's potential for robust cryptographic security.
Light fidelity (Li-Fi) is a technology that is used to design a wireless network for communication using light. Current technology based on wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) has some drawbacks that include speed and bandwidth limit, security issues, and attacks by malicious users, which yield Wi-Fi as less reliable compared to LiFi. The conventional key generation techniques are vulnerable to the current technological improvement in terms of computing power, so the solution is to introduce physics laws based on quantum technology and particle nature of light. Here the authors give a methodology to make the BB84 algorithm, a quantum cryptographic algorithm to generate the secret keys which will be shared by polarizing photons and more secure by eliminating one of its limitations that deals with dependency on the classical channel. The result obtained is sequence of 0 and 1, which is the secret key. The authors make use of the generated shared secret key to encrypt data using a one-time pad technique and transmit the encrypted data using LiFi and removing the disadvantage of the existing one-time pad technique.