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مجلة جامعة صنعاء للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا

Investigating Quantum Entanglement by Using IBM’s Quantum Information Science Kit (QISKit)

Saida M. Alkurkushi, Malek N. Algabri, Ali Saif M. Hassan

Published Dec 31, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum entanglement has gained significant attention in recent years owing to its diverse application in quantum informatics. Its nonlocal nature makes it a crucial resource in quantum information, especially in quantum communication and networking. Entanglement plays a vital role in advancing quantum computation and technology.This study discusses the creation of entangled quantum states using photon pairs and the measurement of entanglement, utilizing the IBM Q Experience the first industrial initiative to develop universal quantum computers and provide widespread access to these technologies through cloud platforms. The introduction of the Qiskit tool has enabled researchers, educators, developers, and enthusiasts to write code and conduct experiments on quantum machines. In this study, we implemented and tested circuits on the IBM Q quantum computing platform using Qiskit to execute quantum computing programs such as the Bell Inequality, CHSH Inequality, and Five-Qubit GHZ States, with two successful programming presented, these tools, along with the associated Jupyter Notebook pages, serve as additional resources for users of the IBM Q Experience. We present the results which will help evaluate these prototypes’ performance. Where quantum computers are designed to process information units that go beyond mere abstract mathematical entities, as suggested by Shannon’s theory; instead, they represent real physical objects defined by one of the two fundamental physical theories—quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.59628/jast.v2i6.1328

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One of the greatest technological advancements in the last century lies in digital computer science. The idea of storing information and performing complicated calculations with the help of bits, i.e., 0 and 1. But due to a sudden surge in data, the classical computer system has been becoming weak in data processing. Quantum computers offer promising substantial speedup over classical computers for many applications. Quantum chip fabrication has made remarkable gains in recent years, with the number of qubits and fidelity growing. In general computing, a binary digit is the smallest unit of information or a bit. “In quantum computing, the term Qubit (Quantum Bit) serves the exact function of the term bit.” IBM Research released the IBMQ Experience in 2018, the first quantum computer that anyone can use and make accessible to a huge audience of different countries through cloud access. IBM also introduced the tool QISKIT (Quantum information software kit), which enables teachers, researchers, and developers to write coding and run their coding on quantum machines. It also includes different packages of quantum computing. In this paper, the author has discussed different steps to install qiskit. Mainly this paper focused on the “programming and application side of quantum computing.” Qiskit tools used in the python programming language. The “quantum circuits” are fabricated with the use of quantum gates and favorable algorithms with less execution time
Quantum entanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics. It describes connections between quantum systems that classical theories cannot explain. The idea of entanglement started with the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) argument. This argument questioned whether quantum theory was complete and showed the non-classical nature of quantum correlations. Schrödinger later defined the concept and introduced the term "entanglement" to describe composite quantum states that cannot be separated. Bell then created a framework that showed the predictions of quantum mechanics clash with local hidden-variable theories, leading to Bell’s inequality. Experiments by Aspect and others provided strong evidence for the violation of Bell’s inequalities and supported the reality of entanglement. Building on these theories and experiments, quantum teleportation became an important protocol in quantum information science. Bennett and his team proposed a scheme that showed how an unknown quantum state can be sent between distant parties using shared entanglement and classical communication, without sending the quantum system itself. Later experiments confirmed that this protocol works across different physical platforms. This paper reviews the historical development of quantum entanglement and its role in the emergence of quantum teleportation. In addition to the theoretical discussion, the teleportation protocol is implemented using IBM’s Qiskit framework. The simulation results demonstrate the successful transfer of quantum states within the circuit model, illustrating how fundamental quantum communication concepts can be explored using quantum computing simulation tools.
Quantum computers promise substantial speedups over conventional machines for many practical applications. While considered "dreams of the future" for a long time, first quantum computers are available now which can be utilized by anyone. A leading force within this development is IBM Research which launched the IBM Q Experience - the first industrial initiative to build universal quantum computers and make them accessible to a broad audience through cloud access. Along this initiative, the tool Qiskit has been launched which enables researchers, teachers, developers, and general enthusiasts to write corresponding code and to run experiments on those machines. At the same time, this provides an ideal playground for the design automation community which - through Qiskit - can deploy improved solutions e.g. on designing and realizing quantum applications. This special session summary aims to provide an introduction into Qiskit and is showcasing selected success stories on how to work with and develop for it. In addition to that, it provides corresponding references to further readings in terms of tutorials and scientific papers as well as links to publicly available implementations for Qiskit extensions.
Abstract This laboratory work presents a practical introduction to the preparation and analysis of entangled quantum states (Bell pairs) using the Qiskit framework. The material is based on educational resources developed by the International Quantum Center at CERN (Switzerland) and is designed to provide hands-on experience with multi-qubit quantum circuits and entanglement generation. In Laboratory Work No. 3, participants construct and simulate a quantum circuit that prepares an entangled two-qubit state. As a representative example of multi-qubit operations in Qiskit, the circuit generates a Bell state by applying a Hadamard (H) gate to the first qubit q[0]q[0]q[0], followed by a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate with q[0]q[0]q[0] as the control qubit and q[1]q[1]q[1] as the target qubit. This sequence creates a maximally entangled state, demonstrating the fundamental non-classical correlations characteristic of quantum systems. The laboratory exercise includes measurement operations applied to both qubits, illustrating how entanglement manifests in correlated classical outcomes. When the measurement operator is applied to the first qubit q[0]q[0]q[0], the corresponding classical bit records a definite value, and subsequent measurement of the second qubit q[1]q[1]q[1] yields a correlated result consistent with the structure of the Bell state. The probabilistic yet correlated outcomes provide direct evidence of quantum entanglement. The guide emphasizes the conceptual understanding of entanglement, circuit implementation in Qiskit, and the hybrid quantum-classical workflow underlying quantum computation. By bridging theoretical quantum mechanics with executable quantum circuits, this laboratory work enables students and researchers to experimentally explore one of the central phenomena of quantum information science using cloud-based quantum computing resources.
Quantum entanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics. It describes connections between quantum systems that classical theories cannot explain. The idea of entanglement started with the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) argument. This argument questioned whether quantum theory was complete and showed the non-classical nature of quantum correlations. Schrödinger later defined the concept and introduced the term "entanglement" to describe composite quantum states that cannot be separated. Bell then created a framework that showed the predictions of quantum mechanics clash with local hidden-variable theories, leading to Bell's inequality. Experiments by Aspect and others provided strong evidence for the violation of Bell's inequalities and supported the reality of entanglement. Building on these theories and experiments, quantum teleportation became an important protocol in quantum information science. Bennett and his team proposed a scheme that showed how an unknown quantum state can be sent between distant parties using shared entanglement and classical communication, without sending the quantum system itself. Later experiments confirmed that this protocol works across different physical platforms. This paper reviews the historical development of quantum entanglement and its role in the emergence of quantum teleportation. In addition to the theoretical discussion, the teleportation protocol is implemented using IBM's Qiskit framework. The simulation results demonstrate the successful transfer of quantum states within the circuit model, illustrating how fundamental quantum communication concepts can be explored using quantum computing simulation tools.
Abstract The use of quantum entanglement has garnered increasing attention among researchers in recent years due to its wide range of applications, not only revolutionizing the field of information processing but also enhancing quantum-safe communications. Identifying the degree of entanglement present in quantum states is a crucial focus, and designing an algorithm capable of feasibly measuring entanglement is imperative. While theoretical calculations hold high regard, the ease of implementing these algorithms in a laboratory setting is essential to gauge their efficiency.In this context, IBM quantum computers stand out as discrete value NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) platforms These platforms are based on superconducting qubits, providing an opportunity to test our algorithms without the need for extravagant laboratory equipment. This paper proposes an algorithm designed to measure entanglement in a bipartite system. We will execute the algorithm on IBM’s 127-qubit backends to compare our calculations with real-world results. Furthermore, we aim to address and mitigate errors inherent in these devices by utilizing local mitigation technique available in the IBM Experiments Python package, aiming for more accurate and reliable outcomes.