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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

Quantum Noise Stream Cipher Scheme Based on 3-Channel-QAM With 3D Mapping and DFTs-OFDM

Mingrui Zhang, Yajie Li, Shuang Wei, Haokun Song, Yixin Wang, Yongli Zhao, Jie Zhang

Published Dec 25, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this letter, we conduct an experiment of quantum noise stream cipher scheme based on 3-channel-QAM mapping and DFTs-OFDM in optical back-to-back and 160km standard single mode fiber. The fusion of 3D mapping and DFTs-OFDM offers sufficient security for QAM/QNSC within the dual polarization I/Q modulator system. Notably, the proposed 3D-mapping approach demonstrates improved minimum Euclidean distance and bit error rate performance compared to conventional 2D mapping. Experimental results confirm that our 3-channel-QAM/QNSC system achieves better transmission and higher security performance at the same base length than conventional QAM/QNSC.

DOI
10.1109/lpt.2024.3512195

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In this letter, we conduct an experiment of quantum noise stream cipher scheme based on 3-channel-QAM mapping and DFTs-OFDM in optical back-to-back and 160km standard single mode fiber. The fusion of 3D mapping and DFTs-OFDM offers sufficient security for QAM/QNSC within the dual polarization I/Q modulator system. Notably, the proposed 3D-mapping approach demonstrates improved minimum Euclidean distance and bit error rate performance compared to conventional 2D mapping. Experimental results confirm that our 3-channel-QAM/QNSC system achieves better transmission and higher security performance at the same base length than conventional QAM/QNSC.
A ciphertext mapping method based on Gray code is proposed to improve the security of quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC). The experiment is conducted in 1024 × 1024 -quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) coherent optical communication system over 300 km. Experimental results verify that the proposed scheme does not affect the transmission performance. Meanwhile, the performance analysis reveals that the attacker's bit error rate (BER) increases to about 0.5 per bit position per symbol. The advantage of proposed scheme is that QNSC makes use of basis with fewer bits for encryption/decryption.
A quantum noise stream cipher scheme (QNSC) based on triangular quadrature amplitude modulation (TQAM) and the secret probabilistic shaping (SPS) is studied. Compared with rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), TQAM is a more compact symmetrical structure, which results in better transmission performance and greater noise masking number. Then, SPS is realized, where the probabilistic shaping information as the secret key is masked into noise and transmitted with the encrypted signal simultaneously. The combination of SPS and QNSC makes it impossible for an attacker to obtain the ciphertext, which enhances the security of QNSC scheme without introducing additional key. TQAM and probabilistic shaping improve the transmission performance of QNSC scheme. Under 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold in back-to-back system, compared with QAM/QNSC systems, TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 0.6 dB, and SPS-TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 1.2 dB. The proposed scheme is demonstrated with the net data rate of 34.28 Gbit/s over 140 km single-span standard single mode fiber.
This letter first reports a digital coherent quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) experiment over 300km fiber without intermediate amplifiers. With the help of Raman fiber amplifiers, ultra-low loss fiber, and the optimized fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, the results show the system can carry 10.2 Tbit/ s·km data, which is significantly improved in the single polarization and single wavelength digital coherent context without intermediate amplifiers. We further analyze the transmission and security performances under the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario in detail. The number of masked signals of 16 QAM/QNSC is 3843.2.
In the era of large models and big data, the security of optical fiber communication backbone networks has garnered significant attention. Quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) stands as a crucial method for safeguarding the physical layer security of optical fiber communications, yet the current schemes lag behind the rate capabilities of existing 400G optical fiber backbone networks. In this paper, we introduce deep learning into QNSC and propose an end-to-end quantum noise stream cipher (E2E-QNSC) scheme, which encrypts 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) into E2E-65536QAM/QNSC. Our experiments successfully demonstrate secure optical communication with a single-channel rate of 400 Gbps, a total capacity of 8.4 Tbps, and a transmission distance of 1520 km. Even in the most extreme scenarios, the detection failure probability (DFP) of the scheme remains at an excellent level greater than 0.9999, proving the security of the approach. The experimental results presented herein represent the highest rate-distance product record of QNSC secure transmission systems, to the best of our knowledge.