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Coriolis effect due to laser beam tilting in an atom interferometer

Li Li, Lele Chen, Qin Luo, Hang Zhou, Min-Kang Zhou, Zhong Kun Hu

Published Dec 17, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Coriolis effect can introduce significant systematic errors in atom interferometers. This study examines the coupling effect between the Coriolis effect and the Raman beams–orientation in a fountain atomic gravimeter. Theoretical analysis indicates that the Coriolis effect is correlated with the orientation of the Raman beams, and tilt modulation experiments were conducted to substantiate this correlation. Furthermore, by aligning the orientations of the atomic fountain, the vacuum chamber, and the Raman mirror, we achieved simultaneous suppression of both the Coriolis effect and the tilt effect to sub- μ Gal levels in a high-precision atomic gravimeter. This work offers guidance on assessing systematic errors in high-precision atomic gravimeters.

DOI
10.1364/oe.544140

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The Coriolis effect can introduce significant systematic errors in atom interferometers. This study examines the coupling effect between the Coriolis effect and the Raman beams–orientation in a fountain atomic gravimeter. Theoretical analysis indicates that the Coriolis effect is correlated with the orientation of the Raman beams, and tilt modulation experiments were conducted to substantiate this correlation. Furthermore, by aligning the orientations of the atomic fountain, the vacuum chamber, and the Raman mirror, we achieved simultaneous suppression of both the Coriolis effect and the tilt effect to sub- μ Gal levels in a high-precision atomic gravimeter. This work offers guidance on assessing systematic errors in high-precision atomic gravimeters.
The alignment of Raman beams is important for high-precision atom interferometry gravimeters, and tilt modulation experiments are usually carried out to calibrate the direction of Raman beams. However, the Coriolis effect could be changed during the tilt modulation experiment, thus introducing a deviation in the alignment of Raman beams. In this work, a method of rotating the sensor head by 90° to eliminate the impact of the Coriolis effect on Raman beams' alignment in a fountain atom gravimeter was proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Using this method, the alignment uncertainty of the Raman beams in the atom gravimeter was reduced to 11 μrad, which contributed an uncertainty of less than 0.1 μGal (1 μGal = 1 × 10-8 m/s2) to the gravity measurement. Further simulations explained the experimental results and pointed out a way to reduce the Coriolis effect in atom gravimeters.
Coriolis effect is an important error source in the weak equivalence principle (WEP) test using atom interferometer. In this paper, the problem of Coriolis error in WEP test is studied theoretically and experimentally. In theoretical simulation, the Coriolis effect is analyzed by establishing an error model. The measurement errors of Eötvös coefficient (η) in WEP test related to experimental parameters, such as horizontal-velocity difference and horizontal-position difference of atomic clouds, horizontal-position difference of detectors, and rotation compensation of Raman laser’s mirror are calculated. In experimental investigation, the position difference between 85Rb and 87Rb atomic clouds is reduced to 0.1 mm by optimizing the experimental parameters, an alternating detection method is used to suppress the error caused by detection position difference, thus the Coriolis error related to the atomic clouds and detectors is reduced to 1.1× 10−9. This Coriolis error is further corrected by compensating the rotation of Raman laser’s mirror, and the total uncertainty of η measurement related to the Coriolis effect is reduced as δη = 4.4 × 10−11.
The sensitive axis of an atom gravimeter is defined by the direction of the Raman lasers. Any tilt of the Raman lasers with respect to the vertical direction introduces systematic errors in gravity measurements. In this work, we report a determination of the tilt of Raman lasers, where the fringe of the atom interferometer is scanned by varying the tilt, rather than the phase, of the Raman lasers. Unlike the periodic cosine fringes typically used in atom interferometers, the fringe obtained by changing the tilt, referred to as the tilt-scanned fringe, is aperiodic in tilt and exhibits a shift due to the presence of a nonzero tilt. The tilt-scanned fringe is highly sensitive to the tilt-caused shift, enabling convenient and precise determination of the Raman laser tilt in atom gravimeters. We demonstrate that one tilt-scanned fringe, corresponding to a tilt measurement sampling time of 13 s, can determine the tilt with a typical precision of about $30\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\textmu{}\mathrm{rad}$ in our developed atom gravimeter. The short-term sensitivity and measurement accuracy of the tilt-scanned fringe method were evaluated, demonstrating performance comparable to conventional tilt determination techniques. We expect this method to offer a convenient solution for Raman laser alignment in atom gravimeters and enhance the efficiency of absolute gravity surveys.
The Coriolis force is a significant source of systematic phase errors and dephasing in atom interferometry and is often compensated by counter-rotating the interferometry laser beam against Earth's rotation. We present a novel method for performing Coriolis force compensation for long-baseline atom interferometry which mitigates atom-beam misalignment due to beam rotation, an effect which is magnified by the long lever arm of the baseline length. The method involves adjustment of the angle of the interferometer beam prior to a magnifying telescope, enabling the beam to pivot around a tunable position along the interferometer baseline. By tuning the initial atom kinematics, and adjusting the angle with which the interferometer beam pivots about this point, we can ensure that the atoms align with the center of the beam during the atom optics laser pulses. This approach will be used in the MAGIS-100 atom interferometer and could also be applied to other long-baseline atom interferometers. An additional challenge associated with long baseline interferometry is that since long-baseline atom interferometers are often located outside of typical laboratory environments, facilities constraints may require lasers to be housed in a climate-controlled room a significant distance away from the main experiment. Nonlinear effects in optical fibers restrict the use of fiber-based transport of the high-power interferometry beam from the laser room to the experiment. We present the design of and prototype data from a laser transport system for MAGIS-100 that maintains robustness against alignment drifts despite the absence of a long fiber.
The Coriolis force is a significant source of systematic phase errors and dephasing in atom interferometry and is often compensated by counter-rotating the interferometry laser beam against Earth's rotation. We present a novel method for performing Coriolis force compensation for long-baseline atom interferometry, which mitigates atom-beam misalignment due to beam rotation, an effect which is magnified by the long lever arm of the baseline length. The method involves adjustment of the angle of the interferometer beam prior to a magnifying telescope, enabling the beam to pivot around a tunable position along the interferometer baseline. By tuning the initial atom kinematics and adjusting the angle with which the interferometer beam pivots about this point, we can ensure that the atoms align with the center of the beam during the atom optics laser pulses. This approach will be used in the MAGIS-100 atom interferometer and could also be applied to other long-baseline atom interferometers. An additional challenge associated with long baseline interferometry is that since long-baseline atom interferometers are often located outside of typical laboratory environments, facilities constraints may require lasers to be housed in a climate-controlled room a significant distance away from the main experiment. Nonlinear effects in optical fibers restrict the use of fiber-based transport of the high-power interferometry beam from the laser room to the experiment. We present the design of and prototype data from a laser transport system for MAGIS-100 that maintains robustness against alignment drifts despite the absence of a long fiber.
In a light-pulse atom interferometer, we use a tip-tilt mirror to remove the influence of the Coriolis force from Earth's rotation and to characterize configuration space wave packets. For interferometers with a large momentum transfer and large pulse separation time, we improve the contrast by up to 350% and suppress systematic effects. We also reach what is to our knowledge the largest space-time area enclosed in any atom interferometer to date. We discuss implications for future high-performance instruments.