The work relates to the fundamentals of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of ballistic photons, as well as to the parameters of their structure and processes of their motion. The study of these problems is an important and urgent task for understanding the foundations of the material world, which has not yet been fully resolved. At present, a wide range of electromagnetic waves is referred to as photons or quanta of wave radiation. But it is necessary to highlight the waves of the optical range of 380 – 760 nm, associated with photons – the only massless physical particles in the material world. This led to an attempt to abandon photons as physical particles and replace them with wave radiation. In addition to the problem of mass, the problem of ballistic photons and the motion pattern is acute. Its solution is the main goal of the work performed, and new confirmations of the ballistic motion of photons as an electromagnetic wave and as a physical particle within the duality of its existence is its scientific novelty. Research Methods: Since this work has the level of scientific discovery, for finding which strict methods have not yet been created, therefore, general principles of development of the theory of scientific knowledge were used, based on the laws of dialectics and consistency with the basic laws of physics. The author's research methodology was also used, based on the transition to the initial quantum level of the material world and the processes occurring at the same time. New Results of the Work and their Discussion: It is shown that photons are dual matter-wave physical objects, in which the properties of an electromagnetic wave prevail when they move at the speed of light, and the properties of a material particle are manifested when they slow down or meet an obstacle. The rectilinearity of their movement reduces them to ballistic ones. In this case, photons are transformed into spherical waves of Planck thickness 4.05×10-35 m, with a transverse surface of the sphere of 1 steradian, the radius of which and half the length of its arc are equal to the wavelength of radiation λmax, and spherical waves rotate perpendicular to the vector of their motion. When reflected from a mirror surface, they turn inside out, preserving the previous direction of rotation, and a change in the vector of the direction of motion makes them antiphotons, in which the spin and direction of the right and left mapping change. Conclusions: All photons are ballistic, from their emission to absorption or re-emission. Other types of photons and their motion by re-emission of energy make up an insignificant part of their total number. There are possibilities for experimental confirmation of the obtained results, to which all laboratories and researchers with such capabilities are invited.
The work relates to the fundamentals of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of ballistic photons, as well as to the parameters of their structure and processes of their motion. The study of these problems is an important and urgent task for understanding the foundations of the material world, which has not yet been fully resolved. At present, a wide range of electromagnetic waves is referred to as photons or quanta of wave radiation. But it is necessary to highlight the waves of the optical range of 380 – 760 nm, associated with photons – the only massless physical particles in the material world. This led to an attempt to abandon photons as physical particles and replace them with wave radiation. In addition to the problem of mass, the problem of ballistic photons and the motion pattern is acute. Its solution is the main goal of the work performed, and new confirmations of the ballistic motion of photons as an electromagnetic wave and as a physical particle within the duality of its existence is its scientific novelty. Research Methods: Since this work has the level of scientific discovery, for finding which strict methods have not yet been created, therefore, general principles of development of the theory of scientific knowledge were used, based on the laws of dialectics and consistency with the basic laws of physics. The author's research methodology was also used, based on the transition to the initial quantum level of the material world and the processes occurring at the same time. New Results of the Work and their Discussion: It is shown that photons are dual matter-wave physical objects, in which the properties of an electromagnetic wave prevail when they move at the speed of light, and the properties of a material particle are manifested when they slow down or meet an obstacle. The rectilinearity of their movement reduces them to ballistic ones. In this case, photons are transformed into spherical waves of Planck thickness 4.05×10-35 m, with a transverse surface of the sphere of 1 steradian, the radius of which and half the length of its arc are equal to the wavelength of radiation λmax, and spherical waves rotate perpendicular to the vector of their motion. When reflected from a mirror surface, they turn inside out, preserving the previous direction of rotation, and a change in the vector of the direction of motion makes them antiphotons, in which the spin and direction of the right and left mapping change. Conclusions: All photons are ballistic, from their emission to absorption or re-emission. Other types of photons and their motion by re-emission of energy make up an insignificant part of their total number. There are possibilities for experimental confirmation of the obtained results, to which all laboratories and researchers with such capabilities are invited.
The work relates to the fundamentals of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of processes of reflection, refraction and absorption of waves of ballistic photons. The study of these problems is an important and urgent task for understanding the foundations of the material world, which has not yet been fully resolved. An important property of ballistic photons is their motion in a straight line, which can be curved under the action of physical fields on the photons and the parameters of the medium of their motion. However, if external factors remain constant, their motion continues in a straight line, which allows us to apply the laws of geometric optics to them. The fundamentals of the geometric wave laws of reflection and refraction of light are laid down of the Young and Fresnel. However, they used sinusoidal waves similar to transverse waves in the of musical strings, which contradicts the motion of spherical waves of ballistic photons. Elimination of these shortcomings is the main goal of the work, and its scientific novelty is the substantiation and development of new geometric models of light motion. Research Methods: Since this work has the level of scientific discovery, for finding which strict methods have not yet been created, therefore, general principles of development of the theory of scientific knowledge were used, based on the laws of dialectics and consistency with the basic laws of physics. The author's research methodology was also used, based on the transition to the initial quantum level of the material world. New Results of the Work and their Discussion: It is shown that the first point of contact of photon waves lies on the unified normal to their spherical surface and the contact surface. This shifts the real normal of wave reflection relative to the traditional normal from the point of intersection of the axis of the tube of incident waves with the surface of reflection by the value of -Δ = λmax sin α. The real axis of reflection of spherical waves is associated with the crests most distant from the initial point of their reflection. When photon waves are refractional, their total deviation is formed from the last point of their incidence on the refraction surface. This shifts the real point of the normal of wave refraction relative to the traditional normal from the point of intersection of the axis of the tube of incident waves with the surface of reflection by the value of +Δ = λmax sin α. Geometric models of all these processes at different angles of incidence of photon waves are developed and their simplified schemes are given. Conclusions: The proposed models and schemes of reflection and refraction of spherical photon waves significantly clarify and change previously known schemes and do not contradict the real laws of physics and optics, therefore they have the level of scientific discoveries and should replace previously known processes and schemes.
Aims/ objectives: The consideration of the three tasks, formulated below, is the aim of the given work. The first task of the paper presented is to analyse the existing viewpoints and to give the conclusion on the real photon status. To represent the clear and understandable explanation of the nature of the corpuscular-wave dualism and to give an insight into physics of the photon absorption process is the second task of the given review. The third task of the paper presented - to give the experimental proof for the Dirac theoretical conclusion, that the transitions of the quantum system from an equilibrium state to an excited state are not instantaneous and that a part of the time, related to a duration of the stay between the states can be determined. Study design: The theory of quantum Fermi liquid, the developed Dirac quantisation method, the theory of quantum Rabi oscillations and experimental results of the stationary electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy were used. Place and Duration of Study: Heat-Mass Transfer Institute of National Academy of Sciences of RB, Belarusian State University and M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, between January 2014 and July 2014. Methodology: We have used the quantum 1D Fermi liquid model for the description of 1D correlated electronic systems, elaborated in the application to the quantised electromagnetic (EM) field, the Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) of quantum Rabi oscillations, new Slepyan-Yerchak- Hoffmann-Bass model of propagating quantum Rabi oscillations and new fully quantum space-time quantisation method. Results: The status of the photon in the modern physics is analysed. In the physics of elementary particles the photon is considered to be the genuine elementary particle. The development of the viewpoint of the experts in the quantum electrodynamics theory is considered. It was established its change from the opinion, that the description of the photon to be the particle is impossible to the viewpoint on the photon to be the particle, that is, coinciding with the viewpoint, represented in the Standard Model of the physics of elementary particles. The quantized Maxwellian EM-field represents itself, according to the new conceptual model reviewed, the sets of 1D rays, the own structure of each ray is discrete - 1D-lattice of spin-1 bosons. Therefore, the structure of EM-field in boson model resembles the structure of the carbon frame of organic polymers like to trans-polyacetylene in the matter. Photons in the given concept are the corpuscles, propagating along EM-field boson-”atomic” chains. In other words, EM-field boson- ”atomic” chains represents themselves the medium for the photons’ propagation. In the structural aspect photons in usual conditions are chargeless spin 1/2 topological relativistic solitons of Su- Schrieffer-Heeger family. Spinless charged solitons of the same family can also be formed in socalled ”doped” EM-field structure. The origin of waves in the EM-field boson-”atomic” structure is determined by the mechanism, being to be quite analogous to the formation of Bloch waves in the solid state of condensed matter. The expression for the corresponding wave function representing itself the set of Bloch-like waves is given. Just, the given function allows to describe correctly the wave properties of the light, including the interference. Corpuscular properties of EM-field including those ones by its interaction with matter are described by independent scalar field function obtained from the solution of Schr¨odinger equation [nonstationary in general case] and usually called wave function. The term ”wave” seems to be incorrect in application to the given function and has to be corrected in all literature on quantum theory, including textbooks. The physics of quantum absorption process is analysed. It is argued, in accordance with Dirac guess, that the photon revival takes place by its absorption. It is concluded, that after the energy and impulse transfer to the absorbing system the photon state is a pinned state, in which it possesses the only by spin. The reviewed rather unusual spectroscopic electron spin resonance absorption characteristics of carbon nanotubes and superconducting ceramics, obtained with the participation of the authors and of the other research groups and being earlier unexplained, were correctly interpreted within the frames of the phenomenological model of the spectroscopic transition dynamics with finite time of the transfer of absorbing systems in an excited state. Moreover, it was established, that the time of the transfer of absorbing systems in an excited state governs the characteristics of the stationary ESR signal registered in the carbon nanotubes and superconducting ceramics. Conclusion: To describe correctly the EM-field properties including corpuscular-wave dualism [which is explained in a natural way] it is necessary to use the full variant of Schr¨ odinger’s theory, taking into consideration two scalar functions. The result, that the time of the transfer of absorbing systems into an excited state governs the characteristics of the stationary ESR signal is significant for the stationary spectroscopy at all, since the transfer of absorbing systems in an excited state is considered in the stationary spectroscopy at present to be instantaneous.
The velocity is a macroscopic concept. The question what is the meaning of velocity in Quantum Mechanics( QM) ,this problem itself is inno answersituation. In the semi-classical theory,for the reconstruction of the velocity definition,we have v→= ▽S / m[m is the particle's mass and ψ = Aexp( j S /h) ]. This method builds the relation of velocity and wave function,but it is not the necessary and useful concept of wave's speed. The velocity of light in vacuum is a common basic constant of physics,however QM also need this parameter obviously,i. e. the new wave mechanics is on need of this physical quantity.The process and result of people's practice show that,scientist has intended to bring forth in the measurement of c with very high accuracy does stand out,if he used the scalar equation c = fλ. Modern physics maintain that the wave velocities( phase velocityvp、group velocity vg) are scalars,not vectors.The wave has its special scientific features; the regular pattern is different from the Classical Mechanics( CM). It needs supports of the QM,but it is not identical with the serious QM. Now,it has not only a theory that can explain the wave problems perfectly,so it is support by the classical physics and quantum physics.The quantization process of EM fields explains the particle-wave duality mathematically. Post quantization,from the EM fields we obtained the photons. But scientist still is puzzled by a difficult question:what is photon. As the common knowledge,the matter waves of photon still a paradox in physics. In addition,the electronic probability waves corresponding the Schrdinger equation,but people says the photonic probability waves have not that wave equation. In other words,the physical meanings of matter wave's phase velocity are not clear,and why the phase velocity of de Broglie waves is faster-than-light,many explanations will be needed.Many instances similar to these examples make the particle-wave duality still the magic ghost in modern physics. Finally,the study on negative wave velocity( NWV) in recent years has a great deal of experience on wave sciences,and bring the new chance on theoretical thinking.
The idea of the photon has stirred the imaginations of physicists ever since 1905 when Einstein originally proposed the use of light quanta to explain the photoelectric effect. This concept is formalized in the quantum theory of radiation, which has had unfailing success in explaining the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, seemingly limited only by the ability of physicists to perform the indicated calculations. Nevertheless, it has its conceptual problems—various infinities and frequent misinterpretations. Consequently an increasing number of workers are asking, “to what extent is the quantized field really necessary and useful?” In fact the experimental results of the photoelectric effect were explained by G. Wentzel in 1927 without the quantum theory of radiation. Similarly most electro-optic phenomena such as stimulated emission, reaction of the emitted field on the emitting atom, resonance fluorescence, and so on, do not require the quantization of the field for their explanation. As we will see, these processes can all be quantitatively explained and physically understood in terms of the semiclassical theory of the matter–field interaction in which the electric field is treated classically while the atoms obey the laws of quantum mechanics. The quantized field is fundamentally required for accurate descriptions of certain processes involving fluctuations in the electromagnetic field: for example, spontaneous emission, the Lamb shift, the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, and certain aspects of blackbody radiation. (The Compton effect also fits here, but see later under references 8b and c.) Here we will outline how the photon concept originated and developed, where it is not required and is often misused, and finally where it plays an essential role in the understanding of physical phenomena. In our discussion we will attempt to give a logically consistent definition of the word “photon”—a statement far more necessary than one might think, for so many contradictory uses exist of this elusive beast. In particular consider the original coining of the word by G. N. Lewis: “[because it appears to spend] only a minute fraction of its existence as a carrier of radiant energy, while the rest of the time it remains an important structural element within the atom…, I therefore take the liberty of proposing for this hypothetical new atom which is not light but plays an essential part in every process of radiation, the name photon!” (our exclamation point). Clearly the present usage of the word is very different.
Since the interest in the quantum phenomena started, there have been two main approaches to the quantum theory, the first approach investigates the motion of a wave-particle object by assuming the wave has the characteristics of a moving particle, momentum and energy, this approach was developed by physicists Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and others. The second approach investigates the motion of a particle-wave object by assuming the particle has the characteristics of a moving wave, wavelength, wave vector, and frequency, this approach was developed by physicists De Broglie, Schrodinger and others which led to the presence of quantum mechanics. This article focuses on the second approach and merging it with classical mechanics. An early mathematical formulation for the quantum theory was proposed by De Broglie’s relations and later on, another formulation was given by Schrodinger’s equation. A successful attempt to bridge the gap between classical mechanics with quantum theory implemented via a mathematical derivation for De Broglie’s relations and Schrodinger formulation, The derivation process overcame a main obstacle was the convergence of the deterministic nature of classical mechanics with the probabilistic nature of the quantum theory by adopting an innovative method based upon replacing constant values in a deterministic relation with probabilistic variables in the same relation, and this led to switch the relation from deterministic representation to probabilistic representation. Both classical and quantum explanation are given for the deduced formulas. An energy approach is instrumented. Since classical mechanics formulas are not sufficient to explain the quantum phenomena, a new concept of complementary energy introduced in order to connect the parameters of a moving particle with the parameters of an associated wave, the value of the complementary energy for each particle adjusted the total energy equation of N moving particles without changing the magnitude of the total energy of a system of N particles. In special cases, the value of the complementary energy for some particles equals the value of the total energy for the particles. The derivation process indicates that complementary energy corresponds to the potential energy on the surface of the material which prevents the particles to escape from the boundary of the matter to the outer space and maintains its coherence, complementary energy concept also manifest the impact of the moving particles on a single particle due to the energy conveyed during direct contact in case of collision or by the remote influence through an existing field in the space, so it represents an energy of dual nature for both matter and radiation wave combined. The complementary energy is not introduced as mathematical assumption in order to manipulate the total energy equation, it’s actually exists in the total energy equation and its validity has not been applied before. A general format for any potential energy is obtained regardless the nature of field it represents (a universal format for potential energy) that is by using mathematical manipulation for the equation of total energy of N moving particles. The derivation process led to a particle-wave formula. The substitution into the particle-wave formula with the speed of light, De Broglie’s relations, revealed. Some additional applications for the particle-wave formula are suggested, also as a well known energy quantization formula obtained by applying all of De Broglie’s relation, a general energy, and speed formulas resulting during the derivation process. Matching time independent equation called Schrodinger’s amplitude equation with classical mechanics formulation demonstrated by deducing both the wave function and the magnitude of the wave vector from the classical formulation after converting it to probabilistic formulation. A dedicated section for wave function solutions for Schrodinger’s time dependent equation was given in terms of the wave functions and the magnitude of the wave vectors obtained from the matching process of Schrodinger’s amplitude equation with classical mechanics.
Since the establishment of modern optics, the physical nature of light has been debated for centuries, which finally led to the mainstream theory of waveparticle duality. This theory holds that photons intrinsically possess both particle and wave properties, and it is adopted to interpret diverse optical phenomena including rectilinear propagation, polarization, interference and diffraction, forming the fundamental framework of modern quantum optics. Nevertheless, the theory of waveparticle duality contains inherent logical defects. Its essential flaw lies in confusing two completely distinct physical concepts: the intrinsic properties of a substance itself and the morphological features of its motion trajectory. Conventional theories mistake the apparent waveshaped trajectory produced by particle motion for the intrinsic wave property of microparticles, resulting in persistent conceptual ambiguity, missing physical mechanisms and logical inconsistencies within microoptics. This paper constructs an optical underlying model from a purely particle perspective to clarify the real mechanism behind waveparticle phenomena of light. A photon is an indivisible, nonspreading, nontrailing pointlike physical particle with no intrinsic wave property. While propagating, a photon travels along a fixed straightline direction and undergoes inherent transverse oscillation within the plane perpendicular to its propagation direction. At the moment of its generation, a photon uniquely fixes its transverse oscillation angle, amplitude and frequency within the 360degree plane perpendicular to its travelling direction. Once determined, these parameters remain constant throughout propagation without random shifts or arbitrary changes. Superposition of the photon’s longitudinal rectilinear motion and fixedangle transverse oscillation generates a standard sinusoidal trajectory. Consequently, all wavelike features observed in optics are geometric apparent effects originating from particle motion trajectories, rather than material properties intrinsic to photons. Based on this model, this paper reinterprets the core physical mechanism behind doubleslit interference. Contrary to the traditional explanation of photon selfinterference or wavefield superposition, interference fringes arise from microscopic mechanical interactions between transverselyoscillating photons and slit walls when photons pass through the slits. Such interactions regularly deflect photon flight angles. After being deflected and filtered by slits, large numbers of photons form uneven statistical distributions on the receiving plane and produce macroscopically observable lightanddark fringes. This paper also defines the threshold for photonphoton interactions. Ordinaryenergy photons such as visiblelight, infrared and ultraviolet photons do not interact, collide or exchange energy with one another in free space. Only gammaraylevel highenergy photons may collide, undergo energy annihilation, and convert into material particles such as electronpositron pairs. Relying entirely on classical mechanical superposition principles and discarding the contradictory hypothesis of waveparticle duality, the proposed purelyparticle model provides selfconsistent explanations for core classical optical phenomena and achieves analytical revision for the underlying logic of optical waveparticle phenomena.