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Photonics Research

Experimental demonstration of complete quantum e-commerce based on an efficient quantum digital payment

Shuaishuai Liu, yu zhang, Shaobo Ren, Si Qiu, Zhenguo Lu, Xuyang Wang, Yongmin Li

Published Dec 6, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the rapid spread of Internet technology, e-commerce is gradually becoming an integral part of the modern business models. The e-commerce transactions should obey integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, traceability, and impartiality. Here, we propose and demonstrate a complete continuous-variable quantum e-commerce scheme, which involves subscription, payment, transport, and reception protocols among five parties. To this end, a simple, efficient quantum digital payment scheme is proposed. Furthermore, we streamline the entire e-commerce process by eliminating the private amplification step in the pre-distribution of keys. We achieve a contract signing rate of 1.51×10 3 times per second for a 33 kilobits contract, and a payment rate of 2.70×10 3 times per second over 80 km of single-mode fiber. Our results can support 411 times complete transactions per second, including three contract signings and two separate monetary payments. The proposed scheme takes into account the compatibility with existing e-commerce platforms to ensure a smooth transition and provides a practical solution for quantum e-commerce at metropolitan distances.

DOI
10.1364/prj.540123

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With the rapid spread of Internet technology, e-commerce is gradually becoming an integral part of the modern business models. The e-commerce transactions should obey integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, traceability, and impartiality. Here, we propose and demonstrate a complete continuous-variable quantum e-commerce scheme, which involves subscription, payment, transport, and reception protocols among five parties. To this end, a simple, efficient quantum digital payment scheme is proposed. Furthermore, we streamline the entire e-commerce process by eliminating the private amplification step in the pre-distribution of keys. We achieve a contract signing rate of 1.51×10 3 times per second for a 33 kilobits contract, and a payment rate of 2.70×10 3 times per second over 80 km of single-mode fiber. Our results can support 411 times complete transactions per second, including three contract signings and two separate monetary payments. The proposed scheme takes into account the compatibility with existing e-commerce platforms to ensure a smooth transition and provides a practical solution for quantum e-commerce at metropolitan distances.
E-commerce, a type of trading that occurs at a high frequency on the internet, requires guaranteeing the integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation of messages through long distance. As current e-commerce schemes are vulnerable to computational attacks, quantum cryptography, ensuring information-theoretic security against adversary's repudiation and forgery, provides a solution to this problem. However, quantum solutions generally have much lower performance compared to classical ones. Besides, when considering imperfect devices, the performance of quantum schemes exhibits a notable decline. Here, we demonstrate the whole e-commerce process of involving the signing of a contract and payment among three parties by proposing a quantum e-commerce scheme, which shows resistance of attacks from imperfect devices. Results show that with a maximum attenuation of 25 dB among participants, our scheme can achieve a signature rate of 0.82 times per second for an agreement size of approximately 0.428 megabit. This proposed scheme presents a promising solution for providing information-theoretic security for e-commerce.
The increasing reliance on electronic payment systems has caused problems in terms of data protection and fraud control. Traditional cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC become increasingly vulnerable with advancements in quantum computing technology, and hence the development of quantum-resistant security protocols is an absolute need. Based on fundamental quantum concepts like quantum connection and the no-cloning theorem, quantum cryptography (QC), along with especially quantum key distribution (QKD), provides an encryption method that is potentially infallible. In order to improve secrecy, integrity, and authentication processes, the current study takes into account the integration of QKD into online payment systems. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in fraud detection is also discussed in the study, with particular reference to real-time the tracking of transactions and anomaly detection. The susceptibility of QKD-based security protocols to both conventional and quantum-facilitated cyberattacks is determined by comparing conventional cryptographic systems with their quantum-secured counterparts. The study determines that quantum-augmented encryption significantly reduces threats in terms of key distribution and interception of information, hence guaranteeing a safe and forward-thinking digital transactional platform.
An electronic contract is a contract signed by electronic means, which is widely used in electronic commerce activities. In recent years, with the rapid development of quantum cryptography technology, the quantum electronic contract has been widely studied by researchers. Supported by the basic principles of quantum mechanics, a quantum electronic contract scheme based on the single photon is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, two copies of the same contract are signed by both parties involved, and then a copy of each contract is sent to a trusted third party. The trusted third party verifies the signatures of both parties and compares the signed copies to determine whether the contract is valid. Compared with the previous scheme, this scheme is based on the quantum electronic contract signed by the single photon. Because the single photon is easy to prepare and operate, this scheme is simple and easy to implement. At the same time, the scheme does not need to exchange signatures between the two parties, which reduces the complexity of communication. Nevertheless, it requires both parties and the third party to be honest and trustworthy.
With the in-depth development of the digital economy and the escalating demands for transaction security and quantum attack resistance in electronic payment scenarios, quantum signature is gradually emerging as a core research direction in the construction of electronic payment security systems. Addressing the requirements for anonymity and security in electronic payment scenarios, this paper proposes an electronic payment scheme based on controlled quantum teleportation. During the implementation of the scheme, the quantum entanglement characteristics of the four-particle entangled state, the core logic of controlled quantum teleportation, the privacy protection features of proxy blind signature technology, and the technical advantages of superdense coding are integrated to provide security guarantees for the payment process. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme builds a payment system relying on quantum key distribution protocols, forming a payment system with information-theoretic security attributes. This effectively overcomes the limitation that traditional UnionPay payment systems rely on computational complexity at the security level. In addition, the scheme satisfies nonrepudiation and unforgeability and possesses the capability to resist interception-resending attacks.
On-line merchants must have security protocol and procedures in place to carry out transactions more securely, Due to the popularity of e-commerce payment systems and the widespread use of the internet-based shopping and banking. In this paper we introduce an original blind signature based on quantum cryptographic principles providing unconditional security for off-line transactions. The proposed scheme guarantees the security of payment in real applications by the laws of quantum mechanics. We describe our proposed scheme in detail through a real example and discuss about its unconditional security.
Quantum computing has positioned itself as a serious threat to traditional cryptography, undermining the very foundation of present-day methods of transaction and the popularly used digital payment systems. Here lies an interest in proposing a platform that can remedy these quantum-age risks present in payment mechanisms. The intended aim thus becomes that of building a secure and scalable payment system that uses quantum computing algorithms to train AI models for fraud detection in real-time, QKD to manage key security, and PQC to securely encrypt transaction data. For privacy, ZKP will be used to verify the transaction without revealing any details from it. Also, the platform will integrate multichain blockchains with quantum sharding, allowing separate processing, and distribution of transaction storage. Experimental results have shown that the proposed platform can resist quantum attacks, attain more accuracy in ratio detection, and improve the transaction speed more than the average blockchain solutions. The novelty of this research stands on the enhanced multichain blockchain architecture and improved Zero-Knowledge Proof protocols, which improve scalability and privacy. By bringing multichain architecture, quantum computing, QKD, and PQC into one model, this platform sets the benchmark for a secure, scalable, and affordable digital payment system.